Acts of Arguing: A Rhetorical Model of

The revival of argumentation theory in the past few decades has focused on its logical and dialectical dimensions, with less attention paid to rhetorical features. This book explores and then redresses this imbalance. Tindale examines important logical and dialectical innovations in recent argumentation theory and shows that they depend implicitly upon rhetorical features of argument that have been suppressed in the account. This is illustrated using two extended case studies, one looking at Shell International's defense of its actions in Nigeria after the death of Ken Saro-Wiwa, and the other exploring the uses of character-based argument and testimony in a Holocaust-denial text and legal trial.

In addition to the case studies, two chapters treat serious problems that plague current argumentation theory. The first concerns the nature of fallacy; the second concerns the ties between traditional argumentation and a model of rationality that has been seriously critiqued by feminist and postmodernist scholars. In both instances, the discussion indicates how a rh

Christopher W. Tindale is Professor of Philosophy at Trent University.

Acknowledgments

xi

Introduction: The Case for Rhetorical Argumentation

1

(208)

Models of Argumentation

1

(2)

Product, Procedure, and Process

3

(1)

Habermas's Challenge

4

(2)

The Case for the Rhetorical

6

(1)

Origins in the Rhetoric

7

(1)

Rhetorical Argument: Enthymeme

8

(4)

Rhetorical Argumentation

12

(2)

Contemporary Views

14

(4)

Outline of the Study

18

(3)

Argument as Product: The Logical Perspective

21

(22)

Formal Logic and the Classical Root

21

(3)

The Toulmin Transition

24

(1)

Informal Logic

25

(3)

Problems of the Product-oriented Perspective

28

(9)

Rhetoric and Logic

37

(6)

Argumentation as Dialectical

43

(26)

Outline of the Pragma-Dialectical Approach

44

(3)

Misunderstandings and Qualifications

47

(1)

Pragma-Dialectics and Fallacies

48

(2)

Walton's Functional Account

50

(4)

A Critical Evaluation

54

(9)

Rhetorical Elements: Audiences, Readers, and Third Parties

63

(6)

Contexts and Argument: An Introduction to the Rhetorical Perspective

69

(26)

The New Rhetoric

70

(2)

Emotion and Argumentation

72

(3)

Context

75

(9)

Audiences

84

(3)

The Universal Audience

87

(8)

Audiences and the Conditions for Adherence

95

(30)

Perelman's Relativism

95

(6)

Relevance and Cognitive Environments

101

(11)

Acceptability

112

(3)

Blair and Johnson's Community of Model Interlocutors

115

(2)

The Universal Audience Again

117

(3)

Preliminary Examples

120

(5)

Case Studies in Rhetorical Argumentation

125

(32)

Clear Thinking on Shell Oil, Nigeria and the Death of Ken Saro-Wiwa

Background and Locale

126

(1)

Arguer and Audiences

127

(1)

Mode of Expression

128

(8)

Dialectical Obligations

136

(3)

The Logical Structure

139

(2)

The Reasonableness of the Argumentation

141

(4)

Personality, Testimony, and Holocaust Denial

The Initial Text

145

(1)

Harwood's Use of Ethotic Arguments

146

(6)

Testimony in the Zundel Trial

152

(1)

Ethos and the Law

152

(2)

The Role of Ethotic Arguments

154

(3)

Fallacy

157

(26)

Problems with Fallacies

157

(3)

Senses of ``Fallacy''

160

(3)

Fallacy as Bad Product

163

(2)

Fallacy as Bad Procedure

165

(2)

Fallacy as Bad Process

167

(7)

Crosswhite's Perelmanian Account

174

(4)

The ``Act'' of Fallacy

178

(5)

Argumentation and the Critiques of Reason

183

(26)

Common Concerns

183

(4)

Argument, Persuasion, and Critique

187

(4)

Femininity, Emotion, and the Body

191

(4)

Nye's Logics

195

(4)

Post critique Faces of Argument

199

(2)

Differences, Gestures, and the Good

201

(8)

Conclusion: Summation and Prolepsis

203

(6)

Notes

209

(12)

References

221

(18)

Index

239

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Acts of Arguing: A Rhetorical Model of Argument

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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