Advances In Geophysics

This series provides a venue for longer reviews of current advances in geophysics. Written at a level accessible to graduate students, the articles serve to broaden knowledge of various fields and may be useful in courses and seminars.

CONTRIBUTORS

ix

Crustal Deformation in the Southcentral Alaska Subduction Zone

STEVEN C. COHEN AND JEFFREY T. FREYMUELLER

1. Introduction

1

(7)

2. Tectonic, Geologic, and Seismologic Setting

8

(5)

3. Observed Crustal Motion

13

(32)

3.1. Coseismic Crustal Motion

14

(12)

3.2. Preseismic and Interseismic (Pre-1964) Crustal Motion

26

(1)

3.3. Postseismic and Interseismic (Post-1964) Crustal Motion

27

(10)

3.4. Multidecadal Postseismic Uplift Deduced from Comparisons of GPS and Leveling Observations

37

(3)

3.5. Contemporary GPS Observations of Crustal Motion: Spatial and Temporal Variability

40

(5)

4. Models of Southcentral Alaska Preseismic and Postseismic Crustal Deformation

45

(12)

5. Summary

57

(1)

Acknowledgements

57

(1)

References

58

(8)

Relating Fault Mechanics to Fault Zone Structure

RONALD L. BIEGEL AND CHARLES G. SAMMIS

1. Introduction

66

(1)

2. Fault Zone Rocks

67

(1)

3. The Structure of Mature, Large Displacement Strike-Slip Faults

67

(16)

3.1. The Punchbowl and San Gabriel Faults in Southern California

67

(5)

3.2. The Idealized Punchbowl Model

72

(6)

3.3. The Nojima Fault, Japan

78

(4)

3.4. The Median Tectonic Line, Japan

82

(1)

3.5. The Carboneras Fault, Southeastern Spain

82

(1)

4. The Structure of Mature, Large Displacement Dip-Slip Faults

83

(5)

4.1. The Badwater Turtleback Normal Faults, Death Valley, CA

83

(2)

4.2. The Chelungpu Fault, Taiwan

85

(3)

5. Formation of Fault Zone Structure

88

(7)

5.1. Fault Zone Formation in Low Porosity Jointed Rock

88

(2)

5.2. Fault Zone Formation in High Porosity Sandstones

90

(1)

5.3. Fractal Fragmentation and Shear Localization

91

(1)

5.4. Fragmentation and Off-Fault Damage in the Process Zone of Large Earthquakes

92

(1)

5.5. Wear

93

(1)

5.6. Pseudotachylytes

94

(1)

6. Effects of Fault Zone Structure on Dynamic Rupture

95

(8)

6.1. Effects of Fault Zone Structure on the Nucleation of an Earthquake

96

(1)

6.2. Effect of Fault Zone Structure on the Propagation of an Earthquake Rupture

97

(5)

6.3. Effect of Fault Zone Structure on the Arrest of an Earthquake Rupture

102

(1)

7. Discussion

103

(1)

Acknowledgements

104

(1)

References

104

(10)

Past Surface Temperature Changes as Derived from Continental Temperature Logs-Canadian and Some Global Examples of Application of a New Tool in Climate Change Studies

JACEK MAJOROWICZ, JAN SAFANDA AND WALTER SKINNER

1. Introduction

114

(2)

2. Basic Features of Ground Surface Temperature Reconstruction

116

(4)

3. Heat Gain by the Earth due to Climatic Warming

120

(3)

4. Temperature Profiles with Depth

123

(4)

5. Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity

127

(2)

6. Inversions

129

(3)

7. Joint Inversions

132

(1)

8. Alternative Approach-Determining the Pre-observational Mean Level

133

(1)

9. Method Limitations

133

(1)

10. Case Studies Demonstrating the Basic Features of the Inversion Method

134

(10)

11. Case Studies Demonstrating the Basic Features of the "POM" Approach

144

(4)

12. Hemispheric and Continental Reconstructions of GST from Well Temperatures

148

(3)

13. Canadian Examples

151

(9)

14. Circumpolar Warming

160

(2)

15. Obscuring Factors

162

(2)

16. Comparison of Well Temperature Derived GST Histories with Observations and Other Proxy Climate Information

164

(4)

17. Conclusions

168

(1)

Acknowledgements

169

(1)

References

169

(7)

Instability and Structural Failure at Volcanic Ocean Islands and the Climate Change Dimension

BARBARA H. KEATING AND WTLLIAM J. MCGUIRE

1. Introduction

176

(6)

1.1. Volcanic Edifice Instability

177

(5)

2. Factors and Mechanisms Affecting Instability and Failure at Volcanic Ocean Islands

182

(1)

2.1. The Role of Intra-Edifice Water

182

(2)

2.2. The Dike Injection Process

184

(1)

2.3. Rock Type

185

(1)

2.4. Rheology

185

(4)

2.5. Rock Density

189

(3)

2.6. Landslide Structural Characteristics and Depth of Initiation

192

(3)

2.7. Landslide Form and Dimensions

195

(3)

2.8. Slope Angle (Bathymetry)

198

(1)

2.9. Dynamics

199

(1)

2.10. Change in Pore Properties Associated with Liquefaction

199

(1)

3. Post-Failure Debris Movement

200

(4)

3.1. A Review of Transport Mechanisms

200

(1)

3.2. Submarine Mass Movement Classification, Terminology, and Facies Concepts

201

(2)

3.3. Runout

203

(1)

4. Transport

204

(6)

4.1. Overview of Laboratory Experiments

204

(4)

4.2. Sonar Surveys

208

(2)

4.3. Seismic Surveys

210

(1)

5. Landslides as Tsunami Generators

210

(12)

5.1. Introduction and Recent Research Trends

210

(6)

5.2. Hypothetical Events

216

(2)

5.3. Quantification

218

(2)

5.4. New Areas of Tsunami Research

220

(2)

6. Climate Change and Landslides in Ocean Basin Environments

222

(17)

6.1. Climate Change as a Landslide Trigger

222

(4)

6.2. Gas Hydrates

226

(2)

6.3. Canary Islands

228

(1)

6.4. The Hawaiian Islands and Climate Change

229

(1)

6.5. Age Dating Correlations

230

(5)

6.6. Arguments for Climate Correlations: Rainfall and Landslides

235

(4)

7. Conclusions

239

(4)

Acknowledgements

243

(1)

References

243

(30)

INDEX

273

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Advances In Geophysics

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