Advances in Immunology

Praise for the Series: "The series which all immunologists need." --The Pharmaceutical Journal "Advances in Immunology must find itself among the most active volumes in the libraries of our universities and institutions." --Science "Deserves a permanent place in biomedical libraries as an aid in research and in teaching." --Journal of Immunological Methods Key Features: * The role of CD40 and its ligand, gp39, as central players in the regulation of B cell growth and differentiation * Prolactin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I as full-fledged immunological growth and differentiation factors * Transcription factors of functionally mutant mice are highly relevant to understanding hemopoiesis and B cell genesis in vivo HIV infection of xenotransplanted mice compared with natural HIV and SIV infections * The expression and role of cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis and in seronegative arthritis * The functions of the surrogate light chain in B cell development * Mechanisms that regulate cytokine activity and the generation and function of sCR as cytokine anatogonists and/or cytokine "carriers" in vivo * Potential transducing molecules involved in signaling processes and which mark the difference between signaling through IL-2R and IL-4R

CONTRIBUTORS

ix

Surrogate Light Chain in B Cell Development

1

(42)

HAJIME KARASUYAMA

ANTONIUS ROLINK

FRITZ MELCHERS

I. Introduction

1

(3)

II. Surrogate Light Chain Genes and Their Regulation

4

(1)

III. Expression of Surrogate Light Chain

5

(10)

IV. Functional Roles of Surrogate Light Chain in B Cell Development

15

(10)

V. Ligand and Signal Transduction of Surrogate Light Chain Complex

25

(4)

VI. Other Surrogate Light Chain-like Molecules

29

(1)

VII. Concluding Remarks

30

(1)

References

31

(12)

CD40 and Its Ligand

43

(36)

LISA B. CLARK

TERESA M. FOY

RANDOLPH J. NOELLE

I. Introduction

43

(2)

II. CD40 and Ligand Expression and Molecular Structure

45

(5)

III. Intracellular Signal Transduction through CD40

50

(2)

IV. CD40-gp39 Functional Interactions

52

(1)

V. The Role of CD40 Signaling in B Lymphocyte Proliferation

53

(5)

VI. The Role of CD40 in Immunoglobulin Production

58

(12)

VII. The Role of CD40 in Germinal Center and Memory Cell Formation

70

(3)

VIII. Summary

73

(1)

References

74

(5)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Human Cells Transplanted to Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice

79

(48)

DONALD E. MOSIER

I. Introduction

79

(1)

II. Description of Human-to-Mouse Xenograft Models

79

(4)

III. Human Immunodeficiency Virus

83

(7)

IV. HIV-1 Infection in the hu-PBL-SCID Model

90

(9)

V. HIV-1 Infection in the SCID-hu thy liv Model

99

(8)

VI. Conclusions

107

(1)

References

108

(19)

Lessons from Immunological, Biochemical, and Molecular Pathways of the Activation Mediated by IL-2 and IL-4

127

(70)

ANGELITA REBOLLO

JAVIER GOMEZ

CARLOS MARTINEZ-A

I. Introduction

127

(1)

II. Cell Surface Receptors for IL-2 and IL-4

128

(5)

III. From Nonreceptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases to Adaptor Molecules

133

(10)

IV. From Ras to the MAPK Pathway

143

(6)

V. From the GTP-Binding Protein Rho to Control of the Cytoskeleton

149

(8)

VI. Nuclear Transcription Factor NF-XXXB

157

(3)

VII. Target Genes in IL-2 Signals

160

(4)

VIII. The Counterpart of Protein Kinases: The Phosphoprotein Phosphatases

164

(3)

IX. Specific Signaling Molecules for IL-4, IL-9, IL-13, and Insulin Receptors

167

(2)

X. Cooperation of the Three IL-2-Induced Signaling Pathways

169

(4)

XI. Concluding Remarks

173

(3)

References

176

(21)

B Lymphocyte Development and Transcription Regulation in Vivo

197

(72)

DAVINA OPSTELTEN

I. Introduction

197

(1)

II. Transcription Regulation in Vivo

198

(5)

III. B Lymphocyte Development in Vivo in the Normal Mouse

203

(13)

IV. Transcription Factors in B Lymphocyte Genesis

216

(34)

V. Concluding Remarks

250

(1)

References

251

(18)

Soluble Cytokine Receptors: Their Roles in Immunoregulation, Disease, and Therapy

269

(68)

RAFAEL FERNANDEZ-BOTRAN

PAULA M. CHILTON

YUHE MA

I. Introduction

269

(1)

II. Regulation of Cytokine Activity

270

(9)

III. Cytokine Receptors: Membrane and Soluble Forms

279

(1)

IV. Production of Soluble Cytokine Receptors

280

(5)

V. The Immunoregulatory Function of Soluble Cytokine Receptors

285

(5)

VI. The Properties of Soluble Cytokine Receptors and Relationship to Disease

290

(20)

VII. Soluble Cytokine Receptors and Therapy

310

(4)

VIII. Summary and Conclusions

314

(2)

References

316

(21)

Cytokine Expression and Cell Activation in Inflammatory Arthritis

337

(40)

LIONEL B. IVASHKIV

I. Introduction

337

(1)

II. The Inflammatory Synovial Environment

337

(4)

III. Assessment of Cytokine Expression and Activity in Synovitis

341

(2)

IV. Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Growth Factors

343

(5)

V. Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Cytokine Inhibitors: A Double-Edged Sword?

348

(3)

VI. Chemotactic and Angiogenic Factors

351

(1)

VII. T Cell Cytokines

352

(4)

VIII. Mechanisms of Synovial Cell Activation by Cytokines

356

(4)

IX. Sustained Cytokine Expression and Cytokine Balance

360

(3)

X. Conclusions

363

(1)

References

364

(13)

Prolactin, Growth Hormone, and Insulin-like Growth Factor I in the Immune System

377

(78)

RON KOOIJMAN

ELISABETH L. HOOGHE-PETERS

ROBERT HOOGHE

I. Introduction

377

(2)

II. Hormones

379

(14)

III. Receptors

393

(11)

IV. In Vivo Effects of PRL, GH, and IGF-I on the Lymphohemopoietic System

404

(6)

V. In Vitro Effects of PRL, GH, and IGF-I on Lymphohemopoietic Cells

410

(8)

VI. IGF-II and IGF-Binding Proteins

418

(2)

VII. Autoimmunity

420

(6)

VIII. Lymphoproliferative Diseases

426

(3)

IX. Technical Aspects

429

(2)

X. Perspectives

431

(3)

References

434

(21)

INDEX

455

(12)

CONTENTS OF RECENT VOLUMES

467

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Advances in Immunology

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