Age Estimation in the Living The

This title summarizes and explains the main approaches to age estimation in the living, defining when a parameter may be of use and raising awareness of its limitations. This text ensures that practitioners recognize when an assessment is beyond their area of expertise or beyond verification depending upon the clinical data available.Each key approach to age evaluation has been allotted a single chapter, written by an international leader in the particular field. Summary chapters relay readily accessible data for use by the practitioner, and includes important ls"ageing milestonesrs". Key Features: Authoritative Unique and comprehensive Careful, grounded approach Engaging and stimulating

Professor Sue Black, OBE BSc PhD DSc FRSE, Head of Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
Professor Sue Black is one of the worlds leading experts in Forensic Anthropology. She has received many accolades throughout her distinguished professional career including an OBE presented by Her Britannic Majesty for services to Forensic Anthropology in 2001. Professor Black developed the first undergraduate training course in forensic anthropology and the first postgraduate course in human identification in the UK. She is very well known to the media and has taken part in several television, radio and other media related programmes.

Professor Anil Aggrawal, Professor of Forensic Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
Professor Aggrawal is also founder and Editor-in-Chief of Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. The journal is in its 8th year of publication and draws more than 2000 visitors daily from all over the world.

Jason Payne-James, Forensic Healthcare Services Ltd, Essex, UK
Jason Payne James is a forensic physician appointed as a Forensic Medical Examiner to the Metropolitan Police Service and City of London Police. His work embraces four main areas drawing on his extensive medical, legal, forensic and education/writing expertise — legal and clinical forensic aspects of medicine; clinical nutrition; gastroenterology. He is a prolific author/writer. Jason Payne James established a company, with others; Forensic Healthcare Services Ltd (www.forensic-healthcare.com) a company providing expert witnesses (www.experts4law.com) for the criminal and civil systems and other bodies, and which also provides training in these areas.

Foreword
Preface
Glossary of Abbreviations
An Introduction to the History of Age Estimation in the Living
Introduction
Dental Development
Skeletal Maturation
Secondary Sexual Development
Conclusion
References
Immigration, Asylum Seekers and Undocumented Identity
Asylum Seeker to Refugee
References
Clinical and Legal Requirements for Age Determination in the Living
Introduction
Contrasts between Age Assessment in the Living and the Deceased
Reasons for Age Estimation of Bodies and Human Remains
Reasons for Age Estimation of Living Individuals
Assessment Techniques
How Age May Be Specifically Documented
Birth Certificates
Identity Cards
Driving Licence
Passports
Age Verification Cards
Other Documents
Medical Issues
Duties to Examinee
Communication
Summary and Conclusions
References
Legal Implications of Age Determination: Consent and Other Issues
Introduction
Principles of Practice
Duties of the Examining Practitioner
Criminal Issues in Age Determination in the Living
Practical Implications
Summary
References
The Challenges of Psychological Assessments of Maturity
Introduction
Current Status in the UK
Need for Determination of Maturity
Psychological Maturity as a Concept
Child Development
Middle Childhood
Adolescence
Ethical Framework
Current Practice
Suggestions for a Framework for Good Practice
Setting
Summary and Conclusion
Proposed Framework, Based on Common Assessment Framework (Department of Schools Families and Children, 2007)
References
Principles of Physical Age Estimation
Intra-uterine Growth and Development
Birth and Infancy
Childhood
Juvenile
Adolescence
Adult
Senescence
Summary
Growth Studies
References
Growth, Maturation and Age
Growth, Maturation and Age
The Concept of Time
Maturity Indicators
Maturational Variation
Uneven Maturation
Sexual Dimorphism
Maturity and Size
Assessment of Maturation
Skeletal Maturity
Dental Maturity
Secondary Sexual Development
Independence of Methods
Secular Trends
Worldwide Variation in the Timing of Maturation
Secondary Sexual Development
Dental Development
Skeletal Development
Factors Associated with the Timing of Maturation
Genetic Variability
Demographic Factors
Biological Factors
Environmental Factors
Summary
References
Practical Imaging Techniques for Age Evaluation
Introduction
Radiation Exposure in X-ray Examinations for the Purpose of Age Estimation
Radiological Examination of the Hand
Radiological Examination of the Teeth
Radiological Examination of the Clavicles
Summary and Conclusions
References
External Soft Tissue Indicators of Age from Birth to Adulthood
Growth Patterns
Anthropometric Parameters in Children
Growth Charts
Developmental Milestones
Pubertal Changes
Stages of Pubic Hair Development Derived from Tanner (1962)
Stages of Axillary Hair Development Derived from Tanner (1962)
Stages of Development of Male Genitalia Derived from Tanner (1962)
Stages of breast development as derived from Tanner (1962)
Age of Menarche
Areas of New Research
Conclusion
References
Age Evaluation and Odontology in the Living
Introduction
Overview of the Development of the Dentition
Techniques of Dental Age Estimation
The Sub-adult Dentition
Sub-adult: Physical/Anatomical
Sub-adult: Radiographic
Sub-adult: Destructive
The Adult Dentition
Adult: Physical
Adult: Radiographic
Adult: Destructive
Summary
References
Age Evaluation from the Skeleton
Background
Fetal Age
Birth
Juvenile/Child
Age Estimation from the Skeleton in Living Adults
Medial Clavicle
Sternal Ribs and Costal Cartilages
Pelvis
Skull Sutural Closure
Laryngeal Cartilages
Other General Ageing Features
Summary
References
Age Evaluation after Growth Cessation
Background
Consent
Radiology
Pubic Bones
Long Bones
Skull Sutures
Costal Cartilages
Vertebrae
Laryngeal Cartilages
Odontology
Soft Tissues of Face
Genetics in Age Estimation
Physiological and Biochemical Parameters for Age Estimation
Areas of Future Research
Small Long Bones
Scapula
Others
Histology
Conclusion
References
The Presentation of Results and Statistics for Legal Purposes
Introduction
Evidence and Intelligence
Statistical Methods in Age Estimation
Classical, or Frequentist, Approaches
Bayesian Approaches
The Relevance to Age Estimation
Likelihood Ratio Approaches
Errors of Interpretation
Concluding Comments
Age-Related Data from Gustafson (1950)
References
Key Practical Elements for Age Estimation in the Living
The Four Pillars of Age Estimation
Pillar 1: Social and Psychological Evaluation
Pillar 2: External Estimation of Age
Pillar 3: Skeletal Estimation of Age
Pillar 4: Dental Estimation of Age
Conclusion
Index
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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Age Estimation in the Living The Practitioner's Guide

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials