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AIDS Update 2011
, by Stine, Gerald- ISBN: 9780073527635 | 0073527637
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 12/20/2010



AIDS UPDATE 2011 presents a balanced review of current research and information on HIV infection, HIV disease, and AIDS. AIDS UPDATE 2011 places discussion within a biological, medical, and social framework, helping readers more fully understand this devastating pandemic.
| About the Author | |
| A Quarter Century of AIDS and Counting: A Humanitarian Crisis | |
| AIDS UPDATE 2010 | |
| Preface | |
| Introduction: Histories of Global Pandemics, AIDS, Its Place in History, Overview of HIV/AIDS, International AIDS Conferences and Means of Remembering-the AIDS Quilt, Candlelight Memorial, and World AIDS Day | |
| Three Words Echo around the World: AIDS Crisis Worsens! | |
| History of Global Pandemics and Epidemics | |
| Fear, Ignorance, and Condemnation: Who Is to Blame? | |
| Imagine a World without AIDS | |
| Overview of HIV/AIDS | |
| AIDS: A Unique Disease | |
| AIDS: A Cause of Death | |
| Another Anniversary | |
| Other Anniversaries | |
| International AIDS Conferences | |
| Means of Remembering | |
| The 27th Candlelight Memorial | |
| Walking to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic-United States | |
| Bicycle Riding to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic-United States | |
| World AIDS Day: An International Day of Coordinated Action: A Time to Recharge and Reconnect | |
| The Future | |
| National AIDS Hotlines | |
| Useful Internet Addresses | |
| AIDS: Defining the Disease and Finding Its Cause | |
| The New Millennium | |
| AIDS: A Disease or a Syndrome? | |
| First Reaction to AIDS: Denial | |
| What Causes AIDS? | |
| The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports | |
| Discovery of the AIDS Virus | |
| Defining the Illness: AIDS and Surveillance | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions | |
| What Causes AIDS: Origin of the AIDS Virus | |
| The Cause of AIDS: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | |
| Dissidents (AIDS Doesn't Exist or HIV Isn't the Cause) | |
| Evidence That HIV Causes AIDS | |
| Origin of HIV: The AIDS Virus | |
| Summary on the Origin of HIV | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions | |
| Biological Characteristics of HIV | |
| Viruses Need a Host Cell in Order to Replicate | |
| Viruses Are Parasites | |
| Viruses Specific to Cell Type | |
| How Do Human T4or CD4+ Lymphocytes Relate to HIV Infection and AIDS? | |
| Description of HIV; How It Attaches to a Host Cell and Buds Out of the Cell | |
| HIV Fitness | |
| The HIV Life Cycle | |
| How HIV Escapes the Infected Cell | |
| Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Based on ENV and GAG Proteins | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions | |
| Anti-HIV Therapy | |
| Better Drugs, BEtter Technologies, and Lingering Problems | |
| Anti-HIV Therapy | |
| Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Drugs with FDA Approval | |
| The HIV Medicine Chest: ART Drugs Receiving FDA Approval | |
| FDA-Approved Nucleoside/Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Protease Inhibitors, Entry Inhibitors, and Maturation Inhibitors | |
| Use of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors | |
| FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors | |
| Entry Inhibitors and Problems | |
| Integrase Inhibitors | |
| Development and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants | |
| Development of HIV Drug Resistance to Protease Inhibitors | |
| How Combination Drug Therapy Can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance | |
| Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS | |
| Medical Complications Associated with Anti-HIV Drug Therapies (ART) | |
| Update 2010 | |
| Summary | |
| Disclaimer | |
| Some AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines | |
| Review Questions | |
| The Immunology of HIV Disease/AIDS | |
| The Immune System | |
| Human Lymphocytes: T Cells and B Cells | |
| Why CD4+ Cells Are Important in HIV Infection-What It Means | |
| The CD4+ Cell Count-Why It Matters | |
| Antibodies and HIV Disease | |
| Cellular Micro-RNAs Contribute to HIV Latency in Resting Primary CD4+ T Cells | |
| Immune System Dysfunction | |
| Original Antigenic Sin | |
| The Search for Additional Receptors (Coreceptors) to CD4: Fusin or CXCKR-4 (R-4) | |
| CCKR-5 (R-5) Receptor | |
| Emergence of HIV Strains That Vary in Their Lethal Abilities | |
| In Search of Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection | |
| T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression | |
| Impact of T4 Cell Depletion | |
| Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection | |
| Where Do T4 or CD4+ Cells Become HIV Infected? | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions | |
| Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease/AIDS | |
| What Is an Opportunistic Disease? | |
| The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases | |
| Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected People | |
| TB: The Leading Cause of Death among HIV-Positive People Worldwide | |
| Cancer or Malignancy in HIV/AIDS Patients | |
| Disclaimer | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions | |
| A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS | |
| What Is Known and What Is Missing from Our Understanding of HIV/AIDS | |
| HIV Disease Defined | |
| Stages of HIV Disease (without Drug Therapy) | |
| HIV Disease without Symptoms, with Symptoms, and AIDS | |
| Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies | |
| Prognostic Biological Markers Related to AIDS Progression | |
| HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System (CNS) | |
| Neuropathies (Nerve Tissue Damage) in HIV Disease/AIDS Patients | |
| Pediatric Clinical Signs and Symptoms | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions | |
| Epidemiology and Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus | |
| We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now! | |
| Epidemiology of HIV Infection | |
| Transmission of Two Strains of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2) | |
| Is HIV Transmitted by Insects? | |
| HIV Transmission | |
| HIV Transmission in Family/Household Settings | |
| Noncasual Transmission | |
| Gay Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection | |
| Injection-Drug Users and HIV Transmission | |
| United States: Heterosexual Injection-Drug Use (IDU) | |
| Injection-Drug Use and HIV Infections in Other Countries | |
| Other Means of HIV Transmission | |
| Influence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) on HIV Transmission and Vice-Versa | |
| Pediatric Transmission | |
| Conclusion | |
| National AIDS Resources | |
| Summary | |
| Challenge Your Assumptions about the HIV Infected | |
| Review Questions | |
| Preventing the Transmission of HIV | |
| The AIDS Generation: "I Knew Everything about It, and I Still Got It!" | |
| Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Reduce the Spread of HIV/AIDS | |
| Global Prevention | |
| Antiretroviral Drugs Having an Impact on Prevention, but We Can't Treat Our Way out of This Pandemic | |
| Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic | |
| Preventing the Transmission of HIV | |
| Sexual Risk Taking Depends on Sexual Activity | |
| New Rules to an Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex-Nobody Has a Body to Die For! | |
| The Male Condom | |
| The Female Condom or Femidom (Vaginal Pouch) | |
| An Alternative to Condoms: Vaginal Microbicides (MI-CRO-BA-CIDES) and Circumcision | |
| Injection-Drug Use (IDU) and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics | |
| HIV Prevention for Injection-Drug Users | |
| Prevention of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission | |
| Infection Control Procedures | |
| Sexual Partner Notification: Disclosure | |
| The U.S. Federal Government Has Now Adopted Partner Notification as Its Cornerstone in Its Effort to Help Control the Spread of HIV | |
| The First Human Vaccine: The Impact of Vaccines on Infectious Diseases | |
| HIV Vaccine Development and Its Role in Prevention | |
| Types of Experimental HIV Vaccines | |
| DNA Vaccine | |
| Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine | |
| September 2009-News Broke That a Partially Effective HIV Vaccine Was Found! | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions | |
| Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths among Select Groups in the United States and in Other Countries | |
| A Word about HIV/AIDS Data | |
| The Millennium: Year 2011 | |
| Formula for Estimating HIV Infections | |
| Behavioral Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation | |
| September 18: Annual National HIV/AIDS Aging Awareness Day | |
| Estimates of AIDS Cases and HIV Infection | |
| Newly Infected | |
| Shape of the HIV Pandemic: United States | |
| Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States | |
| Selected Nations/Countries Have Different Epidemics. Each Faces Its Own Reality | |
| Canada's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 33,310,000 | |
| Mexico's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 110 Million | |
| United Kingdom's (UK) Estimated HIV/AIDS Data through 2009: Population 61 Million | |
| Global Prevalence and Impact of HIV/AIDS (See Table 10-8)305 | |
| Connected but Separate: Each Country a Different Reality, Different Countries Similar Questions but Different Answers, Different Epidemics | |
| Workforce-South Africa: Some Examples | |
| Education: Teachers and Students-South Africa and Some Countries in Southern Africa | |
| Other HIV/AIDS Time Bombs in Asia: India, China, and Russia | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions | |
| Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases among Women and Children | |
| HIV/AIDS Is Defining the Lives of Millions of Women | |
| Female Vulnerability to HIV | |
| Every Day a Tragedy | |
| Triple Jeopardy | |
| Annual International Women's Day-March 8 | |
| Women: AIDS and HIV Infections Worldwide | |
| Asia-Pacific Region, Over 5 Million HIV Positive: 2010 | |
| Women: HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States | |
| Childbearing Women: World-Wide | |
| Internet | |
| Pediatric HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States: A Fight We Can Win! | |
| Orphaned Children Due to HIV Infection and AIDS | |
| The Phenomenon of AIDS Orphans | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions | |
| Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS among Young Adults, Ages 13 to 24 | |
| Global HIV Infections in Young Adults | |
| Addressing the AIDS Pandemic among Young Adults | |
| How Large Is the Young Adult Population in the United States? | |
| HIV/AIDS Won't Affect Us! | |
| Estimate of HIV-Infected and AIDS Cases among Young Adults in the United States, Globally | |
| Summary | |
| Internet | |
| Other Useful Sources | |
| Review Questions | |
| Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus | |
| Determining the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present | |
| Requests for HIV Testing | |
| Reasons for HIV Testing: I Know, I Took the Test | |
| Laboratory Methods for Detecting HIV | |
| ELISA HIV Antibody Test | |
| Western Blot Assay | |
| New ELISA Antibody Testing and Viral Load Procedures Reveal Early Versus Late HIV Infection | |
| Rapid Result HIV Testing | |
| FDA Approves Home HIV Antibody Test Kit | |
| Some Screening and Confirmatory Tests for HIV | |
| Deciding Who Should Get an HIV Test and When | |
| Why Is HIV Test Information Necessary? | |
| Immigration and Travel Ban into the United States Is Lifted | |
| Testing, Privacy, Competency, and Informed Consent | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions | |
| AIDS and Society: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior | |
| HIV/AIDS Is a Story in Our Lifetime | |
| The New Millennium and HIV/AIDS | |
| HIV/AIDS Is an Unusual Social Disease | |
| Discrimination vs. Compassion and Support | |
| HIV/AIDS Is Here to Stay | |
| AIDS Comes to the United States | |
| Blame Someone, Dzj¿ Vu | |
| Fear: Panic and Hysteria over the Spread of HIV/AIDS in the United States | |
| Whom Is the General Public to Believe? | |
| AIDS Education and Behavior: Dissipating Fear with Education | |
| The Character of Society | |
| Dealing with Discrimination: The Americans with Disabilities Act | |
| Federal and Private Sector Financing: Creation of an AIDS Industry | |
| U.S. Government Believes HIV/AIDS Is a Threat to National Security | |
| Global HIV/AIDS Funding for Underdeveloped Nations | |
| Forms of U.S. Monetary Assistance for HIV/AIDS | |
| Summary | |
| Review Questions | |
| Answers to Review Questions | |
| Glossary | |
| References | |
| Index | |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
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