Aip Physics Desk Reference

, by Cohen, E. Richard; Lide, David R.; Trigg, George L.; Trigg, George L.

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ISBN: 9780387989730 | 0387989730
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/1/2003

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This new edition of the AIP Physics Desk Reference has been thoroughly updated and modernized to reflect new developments in the decade since the publication of the second edition. Data, references, and bibliographies have been updated completely, and new chapters have been added on environmental physics, electricity and magnetism, elementary particle physics, fluid dynamics, nonlinear physics, particle accelerators, polymer physics, and quantum theory, as well as a concluding chapter on practical laboratory data. An indispensable tool for the researcher, professional, and student, the AIP Physics Desk Reference provides concise compilation of the most frequently used data and formulae in physics, astrophysics, and related fields. Book jacket.

Preface to the Third Edition

Preface to the First Edition

vii

Contributors

xxxi

Table of Fundamental Physical Constants

xxxv

Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature

(21)

E. Richard Cohen

Physical Quantities

(1)

Symbols for quantities

(1)

Symbols for units

(1)

Physical Units

(1)

Base units

(1)

Dimension

(1)

The International System of Units (Systeme International, SI)

(4)

Base units

(2)

Conversion factors to SI units

(2)

Recommended Symbols for Physical Quantities

(12)

General physics

(10)

Quantum mechanics

(1)

Crystallography

(1)

Nuclear and fundamental particles

(1)

Nomenclature Conventions in Nuclear Physics

(1)

Nuclide

(1)

Characterization of interactions

(1)

References

(1)

Mathematical Basics

(38)

E. Richard Cohen

Factorials

(1)

Progression and Series

(1)

Means

(1)

Summation Formulas

(1)

Binomial Theorem

(1)

Quadratic Equation

(1)

Differentiation

(1)

Taylor series

(1)

Integration

(1)

Logarithmic functions

(1)

Series

(1)

Exponential Functions

(1)

Derivatives

(1)

Integrals

(1)

Trigonometric Functions

(3)

Series expansions

(1)

Derivatives

(1)

Integrals

(1)

Plane triangles

(1)

Spherical triangles

(1)

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(1)

Series expansions

(1)

Derivatives

(1)

Integrals

(1)

Hyperbolic Functions

(2)

Series expansions

(1)

Derivatives

(1)

Integrals

(1)

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

(1)

Series expansions

(1)

Derivatives

(1)

Integrals

(1)

Gamma Function

(2)

Definite integrals

(1)

Delta Function

(1)

Vector Algebra

(4)

Notation

(1)

Dot product (scalar product or inner product)

(1)

Cross product (vector product or outer product)

(1)

Vector identities

(1)

Vector linear equations

(1)

Differential operators

(3)

Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

(4)

Gradient of f, f

(1)

Divergence of A, A

(1)

Curl of A, x A

(1)

Projected derivative, components of A B

(1)

Divergence of a tensor T

(1)

Scalar Laplacian 2 f

(1)

Vector Laplacian 2 A

(1)

Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms

(1)

Orthogonality condition

(1)

Completeness

(1)

Convolution

(1)

Laplace Transforms

(8)

General properties

(1)

Linearity

(1)

Differentiation

(1)

Bessel functions

(4)

Spherical harmonics

(1)

Potential at r1 due to a unit source at r2

(2)

Clebsch-Gordan (Wigner) coefficients

(1)

References

(4)

Acoustics

(33)

Robert T. Beyer

Important Acoustical Units

(1)

Oscillations of a Linear System

(2)

Analogies

(1)

General Linear Acoustics; Wave Propagation in Fluids

(7)

Plane waves

(1)

Spherical waves

(1)

Reflection and transmission

(1)

Velocity and attenuation of sound

(5)

High-Intensity Sound; Nonlinear Acoustics

(3)

Lagrangian form of wave equation

(1)

Solutions of Eulerian wave equation

(1)

Burgers' equation and other approximations

(1)

Radiation pressure

(1)

Atmospheric Acoustics

(1)

Velocity of sound in air

(1)

Refraction in a fluid medium

(1)

Attenuation in atmosphere

(1)

Doppler effect

(1)

Underwater Sound

(1)

Acoustic Transmission in Solids

(1)

Velocity in an extended polycrystalline solid

(1)

Configurational dispersion in a solid rod

(1)

Attenuation of sound in solids

(1)

Molecular Acoustics; Relaxation Processes

(2)

Propagation of sound

(1)

Excess sound attenuation in liquids

(1)

Ultrasonic propagation at very low temperatures

(1)

Bubbles, Cavitation, Sonoluminescence

(1)

Cavitation

(1)

Sonoluminescence

(1)

Nondestructive Testing, Ultrasonic Imaging

(1)

Nondestructive testing

(1)

Ultrasonic imaging

(1)

Noise and Its Control

(2)

Active suppression of noise

(1)

Room and Architectural Acoustics

(2)

Sabine's formula

(1)

Practical architectural acoustics

(2)

Physiological and Psychological Acoustics

(3)

Loudness and loudness level

(1)

Auditory sensation area

(1)

Masking

(1)

Temporary threshold shift (TTS)

(1)

Pitch

(1)

Binaural hearing

(1)

Audiogram

(1)

Speech Communication

(1)

Bioacoustics

(1)

Musical Acoustics

(1)

Resonance frequencies for an organ pipe

(1)

Resonance frequencies for a rectangular membrane

(1)

Resonance frequencies for a circular membrane

(1)

Acoustical Measurements and Instruments

(2)

Absolute measurement of sound intensity

(1)

Calibration of microphones

(1)

Frequency measurement

(1)

Acoustic filter

(1)

References

(2)

Astronomy

(26)

Jay M. Pasachoff

Basic Data

(1)

Solar Systems

(5)

Stars and the Milky Way

100

(12)

Time and Planetary Positions

112

(7)

Astrophysics and Cosmology

119

(26)

Virginia Trimble

Stellar Astronomy

120

(7)

Stellar structure and evolution

120

(1)

Stellar atmospheres

121

(2)

Nuclear reactions, energy generation, and nucleosynthesis

123

(4)

Binary Stars

127

(1)

Significance

127

(1)

Evolution of binary stars

128

(1)

Star Clusters, Interstellar Medium, and The Milky Way

128

(3)

Star clusters

128

(2)

The galactic center

130

(1)

The Milky Way: General properties

130

(1)

Backgrounds

130

(1)

Galaxies

131

(5)

Types and their properties

131

(2)

Dark matter

133

(1)

Formation and evolution of galaxies

134

(1)

Collective properties, clustering, and large-scale structure

135

(1)

High-Energy Astrophysics

136

(5)

Basic physical mechanisms

136

(1)

Neutron stars and black holes as endpoints of stellar evolution

137

(1)

Pulsars and x-ray binaries

137

(1)

Supernovae

138

(1)

Quasars and other active galaxies

139

(1)

Gamma ray bursters

140

(1)

Cosmology

141

(3)

Evidence that the universe is expanding and experienced a Big Bang

141

(1)

The Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric

141

(1)

Big-Bang nucleosynthesis

142

(1)

``Best values'' of the parameters for a relativistic universe

143

(1)

Connections with particle physics

144

(1)

References

144

(1)

Atomic and Molecular Collision Processes

145

(97)

M. R. Flannery

Introduction

147

(1)

Collisions

148

(5)

Differential and integral cross sections

148

(1)

Collision rates, collision frequency, and path length

149

(1)

Energy and angular momentum: Center of mass and relative

150

(1)

Elastic scattering

151

(1)

Inelastic scattering

151

(1)

Reactive scattering

151

(1)

Center-of-mass to laboratory cross-section conversion

151

(2)

General Collision Properties

153

(10)

Momentum transfer

153

(1)

Momentum transfer cross section

153

(1)

Energy transfer

154

(2)

Energy transfer cross sections

156

(3)

Atomic units

159

(1)

Energy conversion factors

159

(1)

Rydberg properties

160

(3)

Equilibrium Distributions

163

(12)

Maxwell velocity distribution for free particles

163

(1)

Two temperature Maxwell distributions

164

(1)

Boltzmann distribution

165

(2)

Classical statistical weights

167

(4)

Association/dissociation equation

171

(1)

Saha's ionization equations

171

(2)

Macroscopic detailed balance

173

(1)

Planck's equilibrium distribution

174

(1)

Boltzmann equation

175

(1)

Macroscopic Rate Coefficients

175

(3)

Scattering rate

175

(1)

Energy transfer rate

176

(1)

Transport cross sections and collision integrals

177

(1)

Quantal Transition Rates and Cross Sections

178

(8)

Microscopic rate of transitions

178

(1)

Detailed balance between rates

179

(1)

Energy density of continuum states

180

(1)

Inelastic cross sections

181

(1)

Detailed balance between cross sections

182

(1)

Examples of detailed balance

182

(1)

Four useful expressions for the cross section

183

(3)

Born Cross Sections

186

(8)

Fermi golden rules

187

(1)

Ion (electron)-atom collisions

188

(1)

Atom-atom collisions

189

(1)

Quantal and classical impulse cross sections

189

(1)

Atomic form factor and generalized oscillator strength

190

(1)

Form factors for atomic hydrogen

191

(1)

Rotational excitation

192

(1)

List of Born cross sections for model potentials

193

(1)

Quantal Potential Scattering

194

(8)

Partial wave expansion

195

(1)

Scattering amplitudes

196

(1)

Integral cross sections

197

(1)

Differential cross sections

197

(2)

Optical theorem

199

(1)

Levinson's theorem

200

(1)

Partial wave expansion for transport cross sections

200

(1)

Born phase shifts

201

(1)

Coulomb scattering

202

(1)

Collisions between Identical Particles

202

(4)

Fermion and Boson scattering

203

(1)

Coulomb scattering of two identical particles

204

(1)

Scattering of identical atoms

205

(1)

Classical Potential Scattering

206

(5)

Deflection functions

206

(1)

Classical cross sections

207

(2)

Orbiting cross sections

209

(2)

Quantal Inelastic Heavy-Particle Collisions

211

(8)

Adiabatic formulation (kinetic coupling scheme)

211

(1)

Diabatic formulation (potential coupling scheme)

212

(1)

Inelastic scattering by a central field

213

(1)

Two-state treatment

214

(1)

Exact resonance

215

(2)

Partial wave analysis

217

(1)

Close coupling equations for electron-atom (ion) collisions

217

(2)

Semiclassical Inelastic Scattering

219

(5)

Classical path theory

220

(1)

Landau-Zener cross section

221

(1)

Eikonal theories

221

(3)

Long-Range Interactions

224

(1)

Polarization, electrostatic, and dispersion interactions

224

(1)

Radiative Processes

225

(13)

Photon scattering by free and bound electrons

225

(3)

Radiative emission rate

228

(5)

Cross section for radiative recombination

233

(1)

Radiative recombination rate

234

(2)

Dielectronic recombination cross section

236

(1)

Bremsstrahlung

236

(1)

Bremsstrahlung cross section

237

(1)

Dipole transition matrix elements

237

(1)

Atomic and Molecular Databases

238

(1)

General References

239

(1)

References

240

(2)

Atomic Spectroscopy

242

(23)

Wolfgang L. Wiese

Introduction

243

(1)

Photon Energies, Frequencies, and Wavelengths

243

(2)

Photon energy

243

(1)

Frequency, wavelength, wavenumber

244

(1)

Spectral wavelength ranges

244

(1)

Wavelengths in air

244

(1)

Wavelength standards

244

(1)

Energy conversion factors

245

(1)

Atomic States, Atomic Shell Structure

245

(1)

Quantum numbers

245

(1)

Pauli exclusion principle, atomic shells

245

(1)

The Hydrogen Spectrum

246

(1)

Alkali Spectra

246

(1)

Atomic States and Spectra for Many-Electron Atoms

247

(3)

Typical features, general quantum designations

247

(1)

Russell-Saunders or LS-coupling

247

(1)

Customary notation, sample case

248

(1)

Other coupling schemes

248

(2)

Atomic Structure Hierarchies, Selection Rules for Discrete Transitions

250

(2)

Atomic structure hierarchies

250

(1)

Selection rules for discrete transitions

251

(1)

Spectral Line Intensities, Atomic Transition Probabilities, f-Values, and Line Strengths

252

(5)

Emission intensities

252

(1)

Absorption intensities

252

(1)

Line strengths

252

(1)

Relationships among A, f, and S

253

(1)

Relationships between spectral line and multiplet values

254

(1)

Tabulations

254

(3)

Atomic (Radiative) Lifetimes

257

(1)

Scaling, Systematic Trends (Regularities), and Important Characteristics of Spectra

258

(2)

Hydrogenic (one-electron) species

258

(1)

Atoms and ions with two or more electrons

259

(1)

Important characteristics of complex spectra

259

(1)

Spectral Line Shapes, Widths, and Shifts

260

(2)

Doppler broadening

260

(1)

Pressure broadening

261

(1)

Spectral Continuum Radiation

262

(1)

Hydrogenic species

262

(1)

Many-electron systems

263

(1)

Sources of Spectroscopic Data

263

(1)

References

263

(2)

Biological Physics

265

(41)

Elias Greenbaum

Victor Bloomfield

Introduction

267

(1)

Intermolecular Forces

267

(2)

Elementary electrostatic and dispersion interactions

267

(1)

Force fields

268

(1)

Interactions in water

268

(1)

Ionic solutions and polyelectrolytes

269

(1)

Nucleic Acids

269

(3)

Structures of nucleic acid bases and nucleotides

269

(2)

Energetics of bending and twisting

271

(1)

Supercoiled DNA

271

(1)

Proteins and Amino Acids

272

(2)

Peptide bond and polypeptide conformations

273

(1)

Helix-coil transition and protein folding

274

(1)

Binding Thermodynamics

274

(1)

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

275

(3)

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

278

(2)

Thermodynamics, Mitochrondria, and Chloroplasts

280

(4)

Free-energy change of a chemical reaction

280

(1)

Electrical and chemical work

281

(1)

Ion gradients, active transport, and ATP synthesis

282

(1)

Mitochondria

283

(1)

Chloroplasts

284

(1)

Signaling and Transport Across Cell Membranes

284

(5)

Receptors

287

(1)

Transporters

288

(1)

Channels and pumps

288

(1)

Electrophysiology

289

(4)

Impulses in nerve and muscle cells

289

(1)

Properties of nerve and muscle cells

289

(2)

Axons: The cable model

291

(1)

Models for membrane current density

291

(2)

Photobiophysics

293

(2)

Muscle and Contractility

295

(2)

Characterizing Biopolymers in Solution

297

(3)

Sedimentation and diffusion

297

(1)

Sedimentation equilibrium

298

(1)

Rotational motion

298

(1)

Frictional coefficients

298

(1)

Electrophoresis and gel electrophoresis

298

(1)

Scattering

298

(2)

Dynamic light scattering

300

(1)

Biophysics, the Health Sciences, and Emerging Technology

300

(4)

References

304

(2)

General references

304

(1)

On-line resources

304

(1)

Specific references

304

(2)

Crystallography

306

(43)

George A. Jeffrey

Vicky Lynn Karen

Historical Sketch

307

(2)

Crystal Data and Symmetry

309

(7)

Crystal system, space group, lattice constants, and structure type

309

(6)

Reduced cells

315

(1)

Physical properties of crystals

316

(1)

Crystal Diffraction

316

(10)

Conditions for diffraction

316

(3)

Single-crystal diffractometer

319

(2)

Absorption

321

(1)

X-ray absorption corrections

321

(2)

Extinction

323

(1)

Multiple reflections

323

(1)

Diffraction by perfect crystals

324

(1)

``Borrmann'' or ``anomalous transmission'' effect

324

(1)

Kossel and Kikuchi lines

324

(1)

Powder diffractometry

325

(1)

Powder diffraction profile refinement: Rietveld method

326

(1)

Structure Factor

326

(6)

Atomic scattering factors fi (s)

326

(2)

Dispersion corrections for x-ray atomic scattering factors

328

(3)

Geometrical structure factor

331

(1)

Unitary and normalized structure factors

332

(1)

Thermal Motion

332

(3)

Diffracting Density Function

335

(1)

Phase Problem

336

(1)

Phase-solving methods

336

(1)

Patterson synthesis

337

(1)

Direct methods

337

(1)

Crystal Structure Refinement: Method of Least Squares

337

(2)

References

339

(4)

Appendix: Crystallographic Data Sources

343

(6)

Introduction

343

(1)

Categories, quality, and description

343

(1)

Major sources of crystallographic data

344

(5)

Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere Physics

349

(27)

Ferris Webster

Introduction

350

(1)

Properties of Planet Earth

350

(3)

Planetary dimensions and constants

350

(1)

Ocean areas, volumes, and depths

351

(2)

Ocean

353

(10)

Seawater properties

353

(6)

Air-sea interaction

359

(1)

Tides

360

(1)

Waves

361

(1)

Geophysical fluid dynamics

362

(1)

Atmosphere

363

(7)

Principal atmospheric constituents

363

(1)

Properties of moist air

363

(1)

Properties of dry air

364

(1)

U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)

365

(5)

Global Climate

370

(5)

Earth's radiation balance

370

(1)

Global temperature trends

371

(3)

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations

374

(1)

References

375

(1)

Electricity and Magnetism

376

(26)

David J. Griffiths

Introduction

377

(1)

Electrostatics

377

(3)

Magnetostatics

380

(2)

Electrodynamics

382

(4)

Conservation Laws

386

(1)

Electromagnetic Waves

387

(3)

Radiation

390

(3)

Relativistic Formulation

393

(2)

Circuits

395

(3)

Units

398

(2)

References

400

(2)

Elementary Particles

402

(23)

H. Schellman

The Standard Model

403

(5)

Fundamental fermions

403

(1)

Electroweak couplings

404

(1)

Electroweak Lagrangian

404

(1)

Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mixing matrix

405

(1)

CP violation in the kaon system

406

(1)

Neutrino masses and mixing

407

(1)

Strong interactions

408

(1)

Selected Particle Properties

408

(2)

Kinematics

410

(4)

Relativistic kinematics of reactions and decays

410

(1)

Boost of a four-vector

411

(1)

Decay length distribution

411

(1)

Two-body decays

411

(1)

Three-body decays

411

(1)

Two-body reactions

412

(1)

Mandelstam variables

412

(1)

Transformations between the laboratory and the center of mass frames

413

(1)

In specific frames

413

(1)

Lepton scattering

413

(1)

Inclusive particle production

414

(1)

Decays and Cross Sections

414

(4)

Lepton scattering

414

(2)

e+e-- scattering

416

(1)

Resonance production

416

(1)

Hadron scattering

417

(1)

Fragmentation

417

(1)

Typical interaction cross sections

417

(1)

Particle Detectors

418

(6)

Cherenkov radiation

418

(1)

Ionization energy loss

418

(1)

Multiple scattering through small angles

419

(1)

Charged particle trajectories

419

(5)

Calorimetry

424

(1)

References

424

(1)

Fluid Dynamics

425

(19)

Stavros Tavoularis

Introduction

426

(1)

Properties of Common Fluids

427

(2)

Mathematical Description

429

(5)

Equations of motion

429

(2)

Dimensionless parameters

431

(2)

Some laminar solutions

433

(1)

Instability, Transition, and Turbulence

434

(1)

Hydrodynamic stability

434

(1)

Transition

434

(1)

Turbulence

435

(1)

Friction and Drag

435

(2)

Gas Dynamics

437

(2)

Wave propagation in fluids

437

(1)

One-dimensional, isentropic, compressible flow

437

(1)

Shock waves

438

(1)

Measurement in Fluids

439

(2)

Bulk flow measurement

439

(1)

Flow visualization

439

(1)

Pressure measurement

439

(1)

Velocity measurement

440

(1)

Temperature measurement

440

(1)

The fluid mechanics laboratory

441

(1)

References

441

(3)

Mechanics

444

(23)

Florian Scheck

Introduction

445

(1)

Newtonian Mechanics

445

(5)

Newton's laws and inertial frames

445

(2)

Kepler's laws for planetary motion

447

(1)

Phase space and determinism

448

(2)

Canonical Mechanics

450

(5)

Lagrangian functions and Euler-Lagrange equations

450

(1)

Hamiltonian systems

451

(1)

Canonical transformations and Hamilton-Jacobi equation

452

(2)

Action-angle variables, manifolds of motion

454

(1)

Rigid Bodies

455

(3)

The inertia tensor

455

(2)

Euler's equations

457

(1)

Spinning tops

458

(1)

Relativistic Kinematics

458

(6)

Lorentz transformations and decomposition theorem

459

(1)

Causal orbits, energy, and momentum

460

(1)

Time dilatation and scale contraction

461

(1)

Motion of free particles in SRT and GRT

462

(2)

Hamiltonian Dynamical Systems

464

(1)

Long-term behavior of mechanical systems

464

(1)

Deterministic chaos in Hamiltonian systems

465

(1)

References

465

(2)

Medical Physics

467

(25)

William R. Hendee

Michael Yester

Introduction

469

(1)

Imaging

469

(1)

Ionizing Radiation: X- and γ-Rays

470

(8)

Interaction of x- and γ-rays with tissue

470

(2)

X-ray dosage

472

(6)

X-ray image contrast

478

(1)

Ionizing Radiation: Electrons

478

(2)

Health Risks

480

(1)

Ultrasound

480

(1)

Magnetic Resonance

480

(3)

Brachytherapy

483

(4)

Nuclear Medicine

487

(2)

References

489

(3)

Molecular Spectroscopy and Structure

492

(30)

Peter F. Bernath

Introduction

493

(1)

Rotational Spectroscopy

493

(9)

Diatomics

494

(4)

Linear Molecules

498

(1)

Symmetric tops

498

(1)

Asymmetric tops

499

(3)

Spherical tops

502

(1)

Vibrational Spectroscopy

502

(11)

Diatomics

503

(4)

Linear molecules

507

(2)

Symmetric tops

509

(2)

Asymmetric tops

511

(1)

Spherical tops

511

(1)

Raman Spectroscopy

512

(1)

Electronic Spectra

513

(4)

Diatomics

514

(3)

Polyatomics

517

(1)

Structure Determination

517

(3)

References

520

(2)

Nonlinear Physics and Complexity

522

(22)

Paul Manneville

Dynamical Systems and Bifurcations

523

(6)

Preliminaries

523

(2)

Tangent dynamics and center-manifold reduction

525

(2)

Bifurcations

527

(2)

Chaos and Fractals

529

(7)

The nature of chaos

531

(1)

Fractal properties and dimensions

532

(2)

Routes to chaos

534

(1)

Applied nonlinear dynamics

535

(1)

Space-Time Dynamical Systems

536

(6)

Classification of instabilities and the modeling issue

536

(1)

Continuous approach to space-time behavior

537

(2)

Discrete approach to space-time behavior

539

(3)

References

542

(2)

Nuclear Physics

544

(24)

Kenneth S. Krane

Nuclear Properties

545

(4)

Size and shape of nuclei

545

(1)

Mass and binding energy

546

(1)

Electromagnetic moments

546

(2)

Isospin in nuclei

548

(1)

Radioactive Decay

549

(6)

Radioactive decay laws

549

(1)

Alpha decay

550

(1)

Beta decay

551

(1)

Gamma decay

552

(1)

Internal conversion

553

(1)

Units for radioactivity

554

(1)

Nuclear Models

555

(4)

The shell model

555

(1)

The deformed shell model

556

(1)

The collective model

556

(3)

Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with Matter

559

(4)

Heavy charged particles

559

(1)

Electrons

560

(1)

Electromagnetic radiation

561

(1)

Neutrons

562

(1)

Nuclear Reactions

563

(2)

Nonrelativistic kinematics

563

(1)

Cross sections

564

(1)

Compilations of nuclear data

565

(1)

References

566

(2)

Optics

568

(29)

Joseph Reader

Reflection and Refraction

570

(7)

Reflection

570

(1)

Index of refraction

570

(2)

Refraction at a plane surface

572

(1)

Coefficients of reflectance and transmittance

572

(1)

Reflectance and transmittance at normal incidence

573

(1)

Brewster's angle of reflection

573

(1)

Total internal reflection

574

(1)

Beam displacement by a plane parallel plate

575

(1)

Prisms

575

(1)

Refraction at a spherical surface

576

(1)

Absorption

577

(1)

Internal transmittance and total transmittance

577

(1)

Optical density

577

(1)

Lenses

578

(3)

Imaging by lenses

578

(2)

Minimum focal distance

580

(1)

Lens power and F-number

580

(1)

Lens maker's formula

580

(1)

Thin lenses in combination

580

(1)

Ray tracing for lenses

581

(1)

Mirrors

581

(2)

Imaging by mirrors

581

(2)

Ray tracing for mirrors

583

(1)

Diffraction

583

(3)

Diffraction by a single slit

583

(1)

Diffraction at a circular aperture

584

(1)

Resolving power of a telescope

584

(1)

Resolving power of a microscope

585

(1)

Interference

586

(7)

Double slit intensity distribution

586

(1)

Diffraction gratings

587

(1)

Dispersion of a diffraction grating

588

(1)

Resolving power of a diffraction grating

588

(1)

Free spectral range

589

(1)

Optimum slit width

589

(1)

Grating blaze

589

(1)

Rowland circle

589

(1)

Michelson interferometer

589

(1)

Fabry-Perot interferometer

590

(3)

Spectra

593

(3)

Important spectral lines

593

(3)

Common laser wavelengths

596

(1)

References

596

(1)

Particle Accelerators and Storage Rings

597

(28)

Kai Desler

Donald A. Edwards

Introduction

598

(1)

Single-Particle Motion

598

(17)

Linear transverse motion

599

(5)

Longitudinal motion

604

(2)

Transverse coupling

606

(2)

Nonlinear effects

608

(3)

Synchrotron radiation

611

(4)

Multiparticle Dynamics

615

(8)

Space charge

615

(2)

Collective instabilities

617

(2)

Beam cooling

619

(3)

Luminosity

622

(1)

References

623

(2)

Plasma Physics

625

(31)

David L. Book

Fundamental Plasma Parameters

626

(3)

Frequencies

626

(1)

Lengths

627

(1)

Velocities

628

(1)

Dimensionless

628

(1)

Miscellaneous

628

(1)

Plasma Dispersion Function

629

(3)

Definition

629

(2)

Differential equation

631

(1)

Series expansions

631

(1)

Symmetry properties

631

(1)

Two-pole approximations

631

(1)

Collisions and Transport

632

(8)

Relaxation rates

632

(2)

Temperature isotropization

634

(1)

Thermal equilibration

634

(1)

Coulomb logarithm

635

(1)

Fokker--Planck equation

635

(1)

B-G-K collision operator

636

(1)

Transport coefficients

637

(2)

Weakly ionized plasmas

639

(1)

Solar and Ionospheric Physics

640

(2)

Thermonuclear Fusion

642

(2)

Basic data and relationships

642

(1)

Fusion reactions

642

(2)

Electron and Ion Beams

644

(4)

Laser-Plasma Interactions

648

(1)

System parameters

648

(1)

Formulas

648

(1)

Atomic Physics and Radiation

649

(5)

Excitation and decay

650

(1)

Ionization and recombination

650

(1)

Ionization equilibrium models

651

(1)

Radiation

652

(2)

References

654

(2)

Polymer Physics

656

(37)

Stephen Z. D. Cheng

Introduction

658

(1)

Polymer Molecules

658

(1)

Molecular-Mass Averages

658

(1)

kth moment of a molecular-mass distribution P(M)

658

(1)

Molecular-mass averages

658

(1)

Single-Chain Dimensions

659

(1)

θ Solvents and Temperatures

660

(2)

Molecular-Weight Characterization

662

(2)

Solution viscosity

662

(1)

Osmotic pressure π

662

(1)

Ultracentrifugation

663

(1)

Static light scattering

663

(1)

Dynamic (quasielastic) light scattering

663

(1)

Characterization by Spectroscopic Techniques

664

(1)

Nuclear magnetic resonance

664

(1)

Vibrational spectroscopy

664

(1)

Crystal Structures

664

(3)

Bond Lengths and Angles of Polymers

667

(2)

Melting and Crystallization

669

(1)

Variation of melting point of thin crystals with thickness

669

(1)

Spherulitic growth rate controlled by secondary (surface) nucleation

669

(1)

Avrami equation to describe overall kinetics of phase changes

670

(1)

Liquid Crystalline Transitions

670

(1)

Heat Capacity and Thermodynamic Functions

671

(2)

Heat capacity in solid and liquid states of semicrystalline polymers

671

(1)

General features of the heat capacity

672

(1)

Residual entropies at absolute zero for glass polymers and other properties

673

(1)

Glass Transition

673

(2)

Thermal Expansion

675

(1)

Optical Properties of Polymers

676

(1)

Orientation birefringence Δn in amorphous polymers

676

(1)

Stress optical coefficient C

676

(1)

Form birefringence Δnf in two-phase systems

676

(1)

Birefringence Δn of oriented crystalline polymers

676

(1)

Birefringence of spherulites Δnsph

676

(1)

Stress σij and Displacement uj at Crack Tips

677

(1)

Internal Friction Peaks in Semicrystalline Polymers

678

(1)

Representative Mechanical Properties of Some Common Structural Polymers

679

(1)

Rheology

680

(4)

Introduction

680

(1)

Linear viscoelasticity

680

(4)

Electrical Properties

684

(1)

Dipole moments

684

(1)

Typical electrical properties

684

(1)

Diffusion and Permeation

685

(1)

Diffusion into plane sheet

685

(1)

Diffusion data

686

(1)

Gas transmission

686

(1)

Nonlinear Optical Properties

686

(4)

References

690

(3)

Quantum Theory

693

(32)

M. P. Silverman

R. L. Mallett

Part I. Quantum Mechanics

694

(1)

Basic Formalisms

694

(1)

Operator Representations and Relationships

695

(8)

Operator algebra

695

(1)

Coordinate and linear momentum operators

695

(2)

Angular momentum

697

(4)

Hamiltonian

701

(1)

Commutation and uncertainty relations

701

(2)

Quantum Dynamics

703

(3)

Time-displacement operator

703

(1)

Single-particle wave equations

703

(2)

Operator equations of motion

705

(1)

Approximate Methods: Stationary States

706

(5)

Perturbation theory (bound states)

706

(2)

Variational Method

708

(1)

Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) theory

708

(2)

Scattering theory (stationary state)

710

(1)

Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory

711

(1)

First-order transitions

711

(1)

Second-order transitions

711

(1)

Fermi Golden Rule

711

(1)

Density of states

712

(1)

Exponential decay

712

(1)

Radiation Theory

712

(3)

Interaction Hamiltonian

712

(1)

Absorption and emission

713

(1)

Multipole transitions

713

(1)

Sum rules

714

(1)

Additional Links to Quantum Systems in other Chapters

715

(1)

Coulomb potential

715

(1)

Quantum rotator

715

(1)

Anharmonic oscillator

715

(1)

Part II. Quantum Field Theory

715

(1)

Brief History

715

(1)

Feynman Rules for Gauge Theories

715

(6)

The S matrix

715

(1)

Cross sections

716

(1)

Decay rates

716

(1)

Diagrammatic construction of amplitudes

716

(4)

Fermion spin sums

720

(1)

Polarization sums

721

(1)

Contraction and trace relations

721

(1)

Quantum Chromodynamics

721

(1)

Standard Electroweak Model

722

(2)

Coupling constants and fields

722

(1)

Example: Elastic neutrino-electron scattering

723

(1)

References

724

(1)

Solid State Physics

725

(31)

Costas M. Soukoulis

Eleftherios N. Economou

Introduction

727

(1)

Classification of Solids According to Their Bonding Character

727

(1)

Simple metals

727

(1)

Transition and rare-earth metals

727

(1)

Covalent solids

728

(1)

Ionic solids

728

(1)

Van der Waals solids

728

(1)

Crystals with hydrogen bonding

728

(1)

Approximations

728

(1)

Electrons in Periodic Solids

729

(5)

Bloch's theorem; reciprocal lattice; Brillouin zone

729

(1)

Density of states

730

(2)

Jellium model

732

(2)

Methods for band-structure calculations

734

(3)

General computational framework

734

(2)

Linear combination of atomic orbitals

736

(1)

Plane wave method

736

(1)

Other methods

737

(1)

Ionic vibrations

737

(2)

Thermodynamic Quantities

739

(2)

Linear Response to Perturbations

741

(6)

Dielectric function and conductivity

741

(3)

Temperature dependence of the DC conductivity

744

(2)

Thermal conductivity and thermoelectric power

746

(1)

Hall effect and magnetoresistance

746

(1)

Cyclotron resonance, ESR, and NMR

747

(1)

Disordered Systems

747

(2)

Localization and metal-insulator transition

747

(2)

Metal-insulator transition in 2D disordered systems

749

(1)

Magnetism

749

(2)

Superconductivity

751

(2)

Elementary Excitations

753

(1)

Excitons

753

(1)

Polarons and bipolarons

753

(1)

Spin waves

754

(1)

Artificial Solid Structures and Photonic Crystals

754

(1)

References

755

(1)

Surfaces and Films

756

(35)

Roland Resch

Bruce E. Koel

Introduction

757

(1)

Surface Analysis: Probing Surfaces and Films

758

(6)

Electron spectroscopy

758

(1)

Ion spectroscopy

759

(2)

Electron diffraction

761

(1)

Field emission

762

(1)

Electron microscopy

762

(1)

Scanning probe microscopy

762

(2)

Structure and Composition of Surfaces

764

(3)

Thermodynamics of one-component surfaces

764

(1)

Surface morphology, defects, and dislocations

765

(1)

Surface lattices and superstructures

765

(2)

Atomistic structure: relaxation and reconstruction

767

(1)

Surfaces of compounds and metal alloys

767

(1)

Electronic Structure at Surfaces

767

(2)

The Gas-Solid Interface

769

(5)

Solid-gas interactions

769

(1)

Energy accommodation and adsorption

770

(2)

Desorption

772

(1)

Surface diffusion

772

(1)

Chemical reactions at solid surfaces

773

(1)

Solid-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Interfaces

774

(4)

Electrochemical processes and the double layer

774

(2)

Solid-liquid interactions

776

(1)

Solid-liquid reactions

777

(1)

Film Formation and Structure

778

(7)

Nucleation and growth modes

778

(3)

Structure and properties of thin films

781

(1)

Film growth from the gaseous phase

781

(3)

Film growth from the liquid phase

784

(1)

Film growth at the gas-liquid interface

785

(1)

Mechanical Properties of Surfaces and Thin Films

785

(3)

Friction

785

(2)

Lubrication

787

(1)

Wear

787

(1)

Adhesion

787

(1)

References

788

(3)

Thermodynamics and Thermophysics

791

(26)

J. P. Martin Trusler

William A. Wakeham

Introduction

792

(1)

Classical Thermodynamics

792

(9)

The laws of thermodynamics

792

(3)

Consequences of the first and second laws

795

(2)

Dependence of the thermodynamic properties on temperature, pressure, and composition

797

(3)

Phase equilibria

800

(1)

Chemical equilibria

801

(1)

Statistical Thermodynamics

801

(6)

Postulates of statistical thermodynamics

802

(2)

The perfect gas

804

(2)

Real gases

806

(1)

Transport Properties

807

(5)

Fluxes and gradients

807

(2)

Definitions of transport coefficients

809

(1)

Measurement of transport properties

810

(2)

Kinetic Theory

812

(4)

The Boltzmann equation

812

(1)

The transport properties

813

(1)

Monatomic gases

814

(1)

Dense fluids

815

(1)

References

816

(1)

Practical Laboratory Data

817

(28)

David R. Lide

Introduction

817

(2)

Table: Periodic Table

819

(1)

Table: Physical Constants of Elements and Compounds

820

(6)

Table: Thermal and Electrical Properties of Metals

826

(2)

Table: Dielectric Constant (Relative Permittivity) of Liquids

828

(2)

Table: Viscosity of Liquids and Gases

830

(1)

Table: Vapor Pressure of the Elements and Selected Compounds

831

(4)

Table: Vapor Pressure of Cryogenic Fluids

835

(1)

Table: Aqueous Solubility of Solids and Liquids

836

(2)

Table: Solubility of Gases in Water

838

(1)

Table: Properties of Miscellaneous Solid Materials

838

(2)

Table: Densities Known to High Accuracy

840

(1)

Fixed Points on the International Temperature Scale of 1990

841

(1)

Table: Properties of Liquid Helium

842

(1)

Table: Properties of Water and Ice

843

(1)

Table: Vapor Pressure of Water on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale

843

(2)

Index

845

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Aip Physics Desk Reference

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Table of Contents

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