The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964

Documenting the racial integration of the Air Force from the end of World War II to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, retired Air Force colonel Alan L. Gropman contends that the service desegregated itself not for moral or political reasons but to improve military effectiveness. First published in 1977, this second edition charts policy changes to date. 31 photos.

Preface
Flying on Clipped Wings	p. 1
Interwar Black Personnel Policy	p. 1
World War II Personnel Policy	p. 4
The Tuskegee Airmen	p. 7
The 477th Bombardment Group (M) (Colored)	p. 10
The Freeman Field Mutiny	p. 11
The McCloy Committee Recommendations	p. 18
Marking Time	p. 22
The Army Studies the Postwar Role of Black Troops	p. 23
The First Air Force Report	p. 27
Summary Report for General Arnold	p. 29
The Gillem Board Recommendations	p. 33
Race Violence	p. 45
The MacDill Riot	p. 46
Air Force Blacks in the Postwar Period	p. 52
Ben Davis's Air Force	p. 57
"Unbunching"	p. 63
The Air Force Shifts Policy	p. 63
Political Pressure and the Election of 1948	p. 73
Air Force Integration	p. 85
Changing Military Attitudes	p. 94
Benign Neglect	p. 106
The Korean War	p. 106
Eisenhower and Civil Rights	p. 108
Little Rock Air Force Base	p. 112
Air Force Off-Base Discrimination	p. 114
The Problem in the North	p. 117
The Kennedy Era	p. 124
The Gesell Committee	p. 126
Reaction to the Gesell Report	p. 133
Air Force Opposition	p. 138
Air Force Equal Opportunity Efforts	p. 143
Passage of the Civil Rights Act	p. 146
The Air Force Marks Time	p. 151
Epilogue	p. 155
Positive Programs between 1964 and 1971	p. 155
The Travis Riot	p. 159
Appendix: Statistics	p. 165
Table of Contents provided by Blackwell. All Rights Reserved.

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The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials