Alexander the Great Historical Sources in

This source book presents new translations of the most important ancient writings on the life and legacy of Alexander the Great. Provides comprehensive coverage of Alexander, from his family background to his military conquests, death and legacy. Includes substantial extracts of texts written by historians, geographers, biographers and military writers. A general introduction and introductions to each chapter set the sources in context. Also includes a bibliography of modern works, visual sources and a map of Alexander's expedition.

Waldemar Heckel is Professor of Ancient History at the University of Calgary. He was a founding editor of the Ancient History Bulletin and is the author of numerous books and articles, including The Last Days and Testament of Alexander the Great (1988), The Marshals of Alexander’s Empire (1992), and The Wars of Alexander the Great (2002).

J. C. Yardley is Professor of Classics at the University of Ottawa and a past President of the Classical Association of Canada. His publications include translations of Quintus Curtius’ History of Alexander, Livy 31–40, and Justin’s Epitome of Trogus. His latest work is Justin and Pompeius Trogus (2003).

List of Plates

viii

List of Abbreviations

ix

Preface

xi

Map: Alexander's Campaigns, 334-323 BC

xii

Stemma 1: The Family of Philip II and Alexander

xiv

Stemma 2: The Family of Olympias

xiv

Translator's Note

xv

Introduction

xvi

I Macedonian Background

1

(18)

Early History of Macedonia

1

(6)

Macedonians and Greeks: Language, Culture, Attitudes

7

(5)

The King, Aristocracy, and Macedonian Institutions

12

(7)

II Philip II, Father of Alexander the Great

19

(11)

Philip's Marriages

20

(1)

Philip's Death

21

(7)

A Comparison of Philip and Alexander

28

(2)

III Alexander's Family, Youth, Appearance, and Character

30

(24)

Alexander's Parents and Mythical Ancestors

30

(1)

Alexander's Siblings: A Warlike Half-Sister and a Mentally Defective Half-Brother

31

(4)

Alexander's Education

35

(1)

Alexander's Body

36

(3)

Alexander's Attitude towards Sex

39

(3)

Alexander's Drinking, Personal Habits, and Health

42

(3)

Alexander's Character, Intellect, and Moderation

45

(1)

Alexander and Bucephalas

45

(9)

IV The Persians and their Empire

54

(18)

The Empire before Alexander's Accession

54

(2)

Persian Wealth and Displays of Opulence

56

(9)

Death of Darius III

65

(7)

V Alexander and the Greeks

72

(18)

The Panhellenic Crusade

72

(1)

Alexander's Punishment of those Greeks who Opposed Him

73

(4)

Greek Ambassadors to the Great King Captured by Alexander

77

(2)

Resistance to Alexander in his Absence

79

(8)

Alexander and the Greek Cities of Asia Minor

87

(3)

VI The Army and War

90

(85)

Financial Resources and Military Strength

90

(3)

Major Battles

93

(46)

Sieges and Smaller Battles

139

(36)

VII Alexander and the Barbarians

175

(14)

Alexander Adopts Persian Dress and Practices

175

(3)

The Attempt to Introduce Proskynesis

178

(4)

Mixed Marriages

182

(3)

The Epigoni and the Appointment of Orientals in the Army

185

(1)

The Persian Seal

186

(1)

The Tomb of Cyrus the Great

187

(1)

Macedonian Reaction to Alexander's Orientalism

188

(1)

VIII Alexander and Women

189

(19)

Alexander and his "Mothers": Olympias, Ada, and Sisygambis

189

(3)

The Captive Persian Queens

192

(4)

The Amazon Queen

196

(3)

Timocleia of Thebes

199

(1)

The Wife of Spitamenes

200

(2)

Alexander and Roxane

202

(3)

Alexander and Cleophis

205

(3)

IX Gods and Heroes

208

(15)

Imitation and Emulation of Achilles, Heracles, and Dionysus

208

(6)

The Gordian Knot

214

(3)

Amun (Ammon) and Alexander's "Divinity"

217

(6)

X Alexander and the Macedonians: Disaffection, Conspiracy, and Mutiny

223

(49)

General Account of Alexander's Savagery

223

(1)

Alexander the Lyncestian

224

(3)

The Elimination of Philotas and Parmenion

227

(16)

Cleitus

243

(7)

Callisthenes and the Hermolaus Conspiracy

250

(9)

Coenus Opposes Alexander at the Hyphasis (Beas) River

259

(3)

Rivalry between Craterus and Hephaestion

262

(1)

Harpalus, Alexander's Imperial Treasurer

263

(3)

The "Opis Mutiny"

266

(6)

XI Alexander's Final Days, Final Plans, and the Division of Power after his Death

272

(22)

Death of Alexander

272

(8)

Rumors of Poisoning

280

(10)

The Hypomnemata and the Final Plans of Alexander

290

(1)

Alexander's Will and the Division of Power after his Death

291

(3)

XII Alexander and the Romans

294

(9)

A Roman View of Alexander's Conquests

294

(1)

Did the Romans Send an Embassy to Alexander?

294

(2)

Could Alexander have Conquered the Romans?

296

(3)

Roman Imitation and Emulation of Alexander

299

(4)

XIII Cities Founded by Alexander

303

(8)

Alexandria in Egypt

306

(1)

Alexandria in the Hindu Kush (Parapamisus)

307

(1)

Alexandria-Eschate (Alexandria on the Iaxartes)

308

(1)

Bucephala and Nicaea on the Hydaspes Uhelum)

309

(1)

Alexandria in Carmania

309

(1)

Alexandria in Susiana

309

(1)

Foundations Amongst the Cossaeans

310

(1)

Glossary

311

(4)

Bibliography

315

(12)

Index

327

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Alexander the Great Historical Sources in Translation

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials