Alternative Energy and Shale Gas Encyclopedia

• Conveniently arranged by energy type including Shale Gas, Wind, Geothermal, Solar, and Hydropower
• Perfect first-stop reference for any scientist, engineer, or student looking for practical and applied energy information
• Emphasizes practical applications of existing technologies, from design and maintenance, to operating and troubleshooting of energy systems and equipment
• Features concise yet complete entries, making it easy for users to find the required information quickly, without the need to search through long articles

INTRODUCTION: ENERGY DRIVES EVERYTHING
Howard C. Hayden xi

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xxv

PART I WIND

1 Acceptance of Wind Power: An Introduction to Drivers and Solutions 3
Jacob Ladenburg

2 Wind Power Forecasting Techniques 10
Michael Negnevitsky

3 Maximizing the Loading inWind Turbine Plants: (A) The Betz Limit, (B) Ducting the Turbine 20
D. P. Georgiou and N. G. Theodoropoulos

4 Modeling Wind Turbine Wakes for Wind Farms 28
Angus C. W. Creech and Wolf-Gerrit Fr¨uh

5 Fatigue Failure inWind Turbine Blades 52
Juan C. Marin, Alberto Barroso, Federico Paris, and Jose Canas

6 Floating Wind Turbines: The New Wave in Offshore Wind Power 69
Antoine Peiffer and Dominique Roddier

7 Wind Power—Aeole Turns Marine 80
Roger H. Charlier and Alexandre C. Thys

8 Impacts of Wind Farms on Weather and Climate at Local and Global Scales 88
Justin J. Traiteur and Somnath Baidya Roy

9 Power Curves and Turbulent Flow Characteristics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 104
Kevin Pope and Greg F. Naterer

10 Windmill Brake State Models Used in Predicting Wind Turbine Performance 116
Panu Pratumnopharat and Pak Sing Leung

11 Lightning Protection of Wind Turbines and Associated Phenomena 120
Petar Sarajcev

12 Wind Turbine Wake Modeling—Possibilities with Actuator Line/Disc Approaches 141
Stefan Ivanell and Robert Mikkelsen

13 Random Cascade Model for Surface Wind Speed 153
R. Baile and J. F. Muzy

14 Wind Power Budget 163
Hugo Abi Karam

15 Identification ofWind Turbines in Closed-Loop Operation in the Presence of Three-Dimensional Turbulence Wind Speed: Torque Demand to Measured Generator Speed Loop 169
Mikel Iribas-Latour and Ion-Dor´e Landau

16 Identification in Closed-Loop Operation of Models for Collective Pitch Robust Controller Design 180
Mikel Iribas-Latour and Ion-Dore Landau

17 Wind Basics—Energy from Moving Air 194

18 Wind—Chronological Development 201

PART II SOLAR

19 Solar Air Conditioning 205
Winston Garcia-Gabin and Darine Zambrano

20 Energy Performance of Hybrid Cogeneration Versus Side-by-Side Solar Water Heating and Photovoltaic for Subtropical Building Application 212
Tin-Tin Chow, Ka-Kui Tse, and Norman Tse

21 Polycrystalline Silicon for Thin Film Solar Cells 226
Nicolas Budini, Roberto D. Arce, Roman H. Buitrago, and Javier A. Schmidt

22 Solar Basics – Energy from the Sun 233

23 NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: Solar-Power Research 241

24 Solar Thermal – Chronological Development 247

25 Photovoltaic – Chronological Development 249

PART III GEOTHERMAL

26 Geothermal: History, Classification, and Utilization for Power Generation 253
Mathew C. Aneke and Mathew C. Menkiti

27 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 265
Rosemarie Mohais, Choashui Xu, Peter A. Dowd, and Martin Hand

28 Thermodynamic Analysis of Geothermal Power Plants 290
Mehmet Kanoglu and Ali Bolatturk

29 Sustainability Assessment of Geothermal Power Generation 301
Annette Evans, Vladimir Strezov, and Tim J. Evans

30 Geothermal Energy and Organic Rankine Cycle Machines 310
Bertrand F. Tchanche

31 Low Temperature Geothermal Energy: Geospatial and Economic Indicators 318
Alberto Gemelli, Adriano Mancini, and Sauro Longhi

32 Dry Cooling Towers for Geothermal Power Plants 333
Zhiqiang Guan, Kamel Hooman, and Hal Gurgenci

33 Thermal Storage 350
Marc A. Rosen

34 Shallow Geothermal Systems: Computational Challenges and Possibilities 368
Rafid Al-Khoury

35 Geothermal Basics—What is Geothermal Energy? 390

36 Geothermal—Chronologic Development 394

PART IV HYDROPOWER

37 Sustainability of Hydropower 399
Joerg Hartmann

38 Environmental Issues Related to Conventional Hydropower 404
Zhiqun Daniel Deng, Alison H. Colotelo, Richard S. Brown, and Thomas J. Carlson

39 Social Issues Related to Hydropower 410
Joerg Hartmann

40 Safety in Hydropower Development and Operation 413
Urban Kjellen

41 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage 423
John P. Deane and Brian O’Gallachoir

42 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydroelectric Dams in Tropical Forests 426
Philip M. Fearnside

43 Physical and Multidimensional Numeric Hydraulic Modeling of Hydropower Systems and Rivers 437
Timothy C. Sassaman and Daniel Gessler

44 Experimental and Numerical Modeling Tools for Conventional Hydropower Systems 448
Zhiqun Daniel Deng, Thomas J. Carlson, Gene R. Ploskey, Richard S. Brown, Gary E. Johnson, and Alison H. A. Colotelo

45 The State of Art on Large Cavern Design for Underground Powerhouses and Some Long-Term Issues 465
Omer Aydan

46 Hydroelectric Power for the Nation 488

47 Hydropower Basics—Energy from Moving Water 492

48 Hydropower—Chronologic Development 497

PART V BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS

49 Fuel Cell Control 501
Winston Garcia-Gabin and Darine Zambrano

50 Recent Trends in the Development of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems 509
Amornchai Arpornwichanop and Suthida Authayanun

51 Integrated Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems for Electrical Power Generation—A Review 526
Suttichai Assabumrungrat, Amornchai Arpornwichanop, Vorachatra Sukwattanajaroon, and Dang Saebea

52 Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Secondary Batteries 547
Fiona M. Gray and Michael J. Smith

53 Recycling and Disposal of Battery Materials 566
Michael J. Smith and Fiona M. Gray

54 AC OR DC 578
M. Aram Azadpour

PART VI RENEWABLE ENERGY CONCEPTS

55 Will Renewables Cut Carbon Dioxide Emissions Substantially? 581
Herbert Inhaber

56 The Concept of Base-Load Power 585
Mark Diesendorf

57 Tidal Power Harnessing 590
Roger H. Charlier

58 The Loading ofWater Current Turbines: The Betz Limit and Ducted Turbines 601
D. P. Georgiou and N. G. Theodoropoulos

59 Bottled Gas as Household Energy 606
Masami Kojima

60 Exergy Analysis: Theory and Applications 628
Marc A. Rosen

61 Global Transport Energy Consumption 651
Patrick Moriarty and Damon Honnery

62 Biomass: Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals 657

63 Planting and Managing Switchgrass as a Biomass Energy Crop 663

64 Municipal SolidWaste—Chronological Development 675

65 Ethanol—Chronological Development 677

66 Thermal Properties of Methane Hydrate by Experiment and Modeling and Impacts Upon Technology 680
Robert P. Warzinski, Isaac K. Gamwo, Eilis J. Rosenbaum, Evgeniy M. Myshakin, Hao Jiang, Kenneth D. Jordan, Niall J. English, and David W. Shaw (Public Domain)

PART VII SHALE GAS

67 Shale Gas Will Rock theWorld 689
Amy Myers Jaffe

68 What is Shale Gas? 692
Energy Information Administration (Public Domain)

69 Directional and Horizontal Drilling in Oil and Gas Wells 695
Public Domain

70 Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled in Shale 697
Public Domain

71 Hydraulic Fracturing: A Game-Changer for Energy and Economies 700
Isaac Orr

72 Zero Discharge Water Management for Horizontal Shale Gas Well Development 720
West Virginia Water Research Institute (Public Domain)

73 About Oil Shale—What is Oil Shale? 723
Public Domain

74 Natural Gas Basics—How Was Natural Gas Formed? 725
Public Domain

75 Natural Gas—Chronological Development 732
Public Domain

76 Energy Mineral Division of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Shale Gas and Liquids Committee Annual Report, FY 2014 734
Neil S. Fishman, Chair

INDEX 857

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