American Education

PREFACE  XXX

Part One SCHOOL AND SOCIETY

1. The History and Political Goals of Public Schooling

Common Core Standards: Protected or Prepared Childhood?

Impact of Educational Goals: Common Core Standards and Literacy

Historical Goals of Schooling  

Political Goals of Schooling  

Censorship and American Political Values  

Courts and Political Values  

Political Values and State and National Curriculum Standards  

The Fruits of Political Education  

Conclusion  

Suggested Readings and Works Cited in Chapter  

 2. The Social Goals of Schooling

The Problem of Determining Moral Values: Religion and Secularism  

Moral Values and Sex Education  

School Values and Gay and Lesbian Youth  

Character Education  

Do Public Schools Reduce Crime?  

School Crime: Student Violence  

School Crime: Bullying and Cyberbullying  

Promoting National Health: Nutrition  

Promoting National Health: Drug and Alcohol Abuse  

Building Community through Extracurricular Activities  

Conclusion  

Suggested Readings and Works Cited in Chapter   

3. Education and Equality of Opportunity

The Relationship between Schools and Equality of Opportunity  

School Models for Equality of Opportunity  

The Common-School Model  

The Sorting-Machine Model  

The High-Stakes Testing Model  

Education and Income  

The Bias of Labor Market Conditions on Educational Attainment, Income, and Gender  

White Privilege: Race, Educational Attainment, and Income  

The Asian Advantage: Race, Household Income, and Education  

Schooling: Are Schools Contributing to the Rich Getting Richer and the Poor Getting Poorer?  

Rich and Poor School Districts  

Social Class and At-Risk Students  

The End of the American Dream: School Dropouts  

Tracking and Ability Grouping  

Social Reproduction  

Conclusion  

Suggested Readings and Works Cited in Chapter   

4. The Economic Goals of Schooling: Human Capital, Global Economy, and Preschool

Human Capital Theory  

Schooling and the Global Knowledge Economy  

School Curriculum and the Global Economy  

The Human Capital Education Paradigm and Lifelong Learning  

Can investment in Schools Grow the Economy?   

Preschool and Human Capital Theory  

The Perry Preschool Study  

Child-Rearing and Social and Cultural Capital  

Family Learning and School Success

Childhood Poverty  

Conclusion  

Suggested Readings and Works Cited in Chapter   

5. Equality of Educational Opportunity: Race, Gender, and Special Needs

The Legal Problem in Defining Race  

Defining Race after the 1965 Immigration Act  

The 2010 Census and Race  

The Fourteenth Amendment and Equality of Educational Opportunity  

Desegregating Schools  

School Segregation today  

Second-Generation Segregation  

The Struggle for Equal Education for Women  

Students with Disabilities  

Public Law 94-142: Education for All Handicapped Children Act  

Disability Categories  

Writing an IEP  

Inclusion  

Inclusion and No Child Left Behind  

An Inclusion Success Story  

The Inclusion Debate  

Conclusion  

Suggested Readings and Works Cited in Chapter  

 6. Student Diversity

Global Migration and the Immigration Act of 1965  

Mexican American Students and U.S. Schools  

Asian American Students and U.S. Schools  

Native American Students and U.S. Schools  

Educational Experiences of Immigrants to the United States  

The Language of the Schools  

Languages of School-Age Children  

Are U.S. Teachers Prepared for Language Diversity?  

Conclusion  

Suggested Readings and Works Cited in Chapter  

 7. Multicultural and Multilingual Education

Cultural Differences in Knowing and Seeing the World  

Biculturalism: Collectivist and Individualist Societies 

The Differences among Dominant, Dominated, and Immigrant

Cultures  

Dominated Cultures: John Ogbu  

Empowerment through Multicultural Education: James Banks, Sonia Nieto, and Critical Pedagogy  

Empowerment through Multicultural Education: Racism  

Teaching about Racism  

Empowerment through Multicultural Education: Sexism  

Educating for Economic Power: Lisa Delpit  

Ethnocentric Education  

Bilingual Education and English Language Acquisition:

No Child Left Behind  

English Language Acquisition Act of 2001  

Globalization: Language and Cultural Rights

Global Responses to Education of Linguistic and Cultural Minorities   

Conclusion  

Suggested Readings and Works Cited in Chapter  

Part Two POWER AND CONTROL IN AMERICAN EDUCATION

 8. Local Control, Choice, Charter Schools, and Home Schooling

The Education Chair  

School Boards  

School Choice  

School Choice and Religion  

National Public School Choice Plan: No Child Left Behind Act of 2001  

Charter Schools  

What Is a Charter School?  

Three Examples of Charter Schools  

For-Profit Companies and Charters  

For-Profit Global Education Corporations  

Home Schooling

Online and Distance Learning   

Conclusion  

Suggested Readings and Works Cited in Chapter   

9. Power and Control at State and National Levels: Political Party Platforms and High-Stakes Testing

Source of Federal Influence over Local School Policies  

No Child Left Behind as Categorical Federal Aid  

Increasing State Involvement in Schools  

Example of Federal Power: President Obama’s Race to the Top

Common Core State Standards   

Federal and State Control through High-Stakes Tests and Academic Standards  

Consequences of Federal and State Control through High-Stakes Testing  

Federal and State Mandated Tests and Equality of

Opportunity  

Problems in Federal Control: Testing Students with Disabilities and English Language Learners  

Does Federally Mandated High-Stakes Testing Work?  

Does Federal Testing Policy Promote Unethical Behavior?  

The Federal Government Decides the Reading War: No Child Left Behind  

Conclusion  

Suggested Readings and Works Cited in Chapter  

 10. The Profession of Teaching

The Changing Roles of American Teachers  

No Child Left Behind: Highly Qualified Teachers  

The Rewards of Teaching  

Working Conditions  

Teacher Turnover  

Teachers’ Unions and Teacher Politics  

A Brief History of the National Education Association (NEA)  A Brief History of the American Federation of Teachers

(AFT)  

Differences between the Two Unions  

Performance-Based Pay

Assault on Teachers Unions’ Collective Bargaining Rights   

Should Teachers Strike?  

Teachers’ Rights  

Teachers’ Liability  

Teachers’ Private Lives  

Conclusion  

Suggested Readings and Works Cited in Chapter  

 11. Globalization of Education

Dominant Global Educational Ideology: Human Capital and Consumerism  

OECD and Human Capital Theory  

World Bank and Human Capital Education Theory  

Global Education Business  

Global Business and Global Testing Services: Standardization of Subjects and Global Intercultural English  

Shadow Education Industry and Cram Schools  

Franchising the Shadow Education System  

Conclusion: Long Life and Happiness  

Suggested Readings and Works Cited in Chapter  

INDEX