Anarchy, State, and Utopia

In this brilliant and widely acclaimed book, winner of the 1975 National Book Award, Robert Nozick challenges the most commonly held political and social positions of our ageliberal, socialist, and conservative.

Robert Nozick was the Joseph Pellegrino University Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University.

Preface

ix

(6)

Acknowledgments

xv

PART I State-of-Nature Theory, or How to Back into a State without Really Trying

3

(146)

1. Why State-of-Nature Theory?

3

(7)

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

4

(2)

EXPLANATORY POLITICAL THEORY

6

(4)

2. The State of Nature

10

(16)

PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS

12

(3)

THE DOMINANT PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION

15

(3)

INVISIBLE-HAND EXPLANATIONS

18

(4)

IS THE DOMINANT PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION A STATE?

22

(4)

3. Moral Constraints and the State

26

(28)

THE MINIMAL STATE AND THE ULTRAMINIMAL STATE

26

(2)

MORAL CONSTRAINTS AND MORAL GOALS

28

(2)

WHY SIDE CONSTRAINTS?

30

(3)

LIBERTARIAN CONSTRAINTS

33

(2)

CONSTRAINTS AND ANIMALS

35

(7)

THE EXPERIENCE MACHINE

42

(3)

UNDERDETERMINATION OF MORAL THEORY

45

(3)

WHAT ARE CONSTRAINTS BASED UPON?

48

(3)

THE INDIVIDUALIST ANARCHIST

51

(3)

4. Prohibition, Compensation, and Risk

54

(34)

INDEPENDENTS AND THE DOMINANT PROTECTIVE AGENCY

54

(3)

PROHIBITION AND COMPENSATION

57

(1)

WHY EVER PROHIBIT?

58

(1)

RETRIBUTIVE AND DETERRENCE THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT

59

(4)

DIVIDING THE BENEFITS OF EXCHANGE

63

(2)

FEAR AND PROHIBITION

65

(6)

WHY NOT ALWAYS PROHIBIT?

71

(2)

RISK

73

(5)

THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPENSATION

78

(6)

PRODUCTIVE EXCHANGE

84

(4)

5. The State

88

(32)

PROHIBITING PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT OF JUSTICE

88

(2)

"THE PRINCIPLE OF FAIRNESS"

90

(6)

PROCEDURAL RIGHTS

96

(5)

HOW MAY THE DOMINANT AGENCY ACT?

101

(7)

THE DE FACTO MONOPOLY

108

(2)

PROTECTING OTHERS

110

(3)

THE STATE

113

(5)

THE INVISIBLE-HAND EXPLANATION OF THE STATE

118

(2)

6. Further Considerations on the Argument for the State

120

(29)

STOPPING THE PROCESS?

120

(6)

PREEMPTIVE ATTACK

126

(4)

BEHAVIOR IN THE PROCESS

130

(3)

LEGITIMACY

133

(4)

THE RIGHT OF ALL TO PUNISH

137

(5)

PREVENTIVE RESTRAINT

142

(7)

PART II Beyond the Minimal State?

149

(148)

7. Distributive Justice

149

(83)

SECTION I

150

(33)

THE ENTITLEMENT THEORY

150

(3)

HISTORICAL PRINCIPLES AND END-RESULT PRINCIPLES

153

(2)

PATTERNING

155

(5)

HOW LIBERTY UPSETS PATTERNS

160

(4)

SEN'S ARGUMENT

164

(3)

REDISTRIBUTION AND PROPERTY RIGHTS

167

(7)

LOCKE'S THEORY OF ACQUISITION

174

(4)

THE PROVISO

178

(5)

SECTION II

183

(49)

RAWLS' THEORY

183

(1)

SOCIAL COOPERATION

183

(6)

TERMS OF COOPERATION AND THE DIFFERENCE PRINCIPLE

189

(9)

THE ORIGINAL POSITION AND END-RESULT PRINCIPLES

198

(6)

MACRO AND MICRO

204

(9)

NATURAL ASSETS AND ARBITRARINESS

213

(3)

THE POSITIVE ARGUMENT

216

(8)

THE NEGATIVE ARGUMENT

224

(4)

COLLECTIVE ASSETS

228

(4)

8. Equality, Envy, Exploitation, Etc.

232

(44)

EQUALITY

232

(3)

EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY

235

(4)

SELF-ESTEEM AND ENVY

239

(7)

MEANINGFUL WORK

246

(4)

WORKERS' CONTROL

250

(3)

MARXIAN EXPLOITATION

253

(9)

VOLUNTARY EXCHANGE

262

(3)

PHILANTHROPY

265

(3)

HAVING A SAY OVER WHAT AFFECTS YOU

268

(3)

THE NONNEUTRAL STATE

271

(3)

HOW REDISTRIBUTION OPERATES

274

(2)

9. Demoktesis

276

(21)

CONSISTENCY AND PARALLEL EXAMPLES

277

(3)

THE MORE-THAN-MINIMAL STATE DERIVED

280

(12)

HYPOTHETICAL HISTORIES

292

(5)

PART III Utopia

297

(38)

10. A Framework for Utopia

297

(38)

THE MODEL

297

(10)

THE MODEL PROJECTED ONTO OUR WORLD

307

(2)

THE FRAMEWORK

309

(3)

DESIGN DEVICES AND FILTER DEVICES

312

(5)

THE FRAMEWORK AS UTOPIAN COMMON GROUND

317

(3)

COMMUNITY AND NATION

320

(3)

COMMUNITIES WHICH CHANGE

323

(2)

TOTAL COMMUNITIES

325

(1)

UTOPIAN MEANS AND ENDS

326

(5)

HOW UTOPIA WORKS OUT

331

(2)

UTOPIA AND THE MINIMAL STATE

333

(2)

Notes

335

(20)

Bibliography

355

(6)

Index

361

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Anarchy, State, and Utopia

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials