UNIT 1. New World Order

1. Clash of Globalizations, Stanley Hoffmann, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2002

The events of September 11, 2001, marked the beginning of a new era, but what this means in practice is the subject of debate. Stanley Hoffman summarizes current approaches used to understand international relations and concludes that three realities characterize the modern state system: Great powers rivalries have not disappeared; interstate war is becoming less common; and all states’ foreign policies are increasingly being shaped by domestic politics, as well as by economic and milit

2. Transnational Terrorism and the al Qaeda Model: Confronting New Realities, Paul J. Smith, Parameters, Summer 2002

Al Qaeda represents the worst that globalization has to offer. Its transnational tentacles have a virus-like ability to infect indigenous groups. The lesson to be learned from al Qaeda is that terrorist groups can now exist in a transnational milieu, divorced from state-driven constraints. Even if we witness the demise of al Qaeda, we are not likely to witness the demise of its model.

3. Sovereignty, Stephen D. Krasner, Foreign Policy, January/February 2001

“The idea of states as autonomous, independent entities is collapsing under the combined onslaught of monetary unions, CNN, the Internet, and nongovernmental organizations. But those who proclaim the death of sovereignty misread history. The nation-state has a keen instinct for survival and has so far adapted to new challenges—even the challenge of globalization.”

4. Reconciling Non-Intervention and Human Rights, Douglas T. Stuart, UN Chronicle, August 2001

As nation-states increasingly intervene in other countries, it is becoming harder to skirt a confrontation between the traditional commitment to state sovereignty and the growing commitment to the protection of basic human rights. Douglas Stuart offers a definition of humanitarian intervention and seven guidelines for determining the circumstances under which humanitarian intervention should be authorized and the action that should be taken.

UNIT 2. World Economy

5. Terrorism’s Financial Lifeline: Can It Be Severed?, Kimberley L. Thachuk, Strategic Forum, May 2002

The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks highlighted the importance of rogue capital for terrorist and criminal groups who use both traditional and sophisticated techniques to build multinational empires. Solutions require more concerted efforts to implement G-8 standards for transparent banking practices, building the capacity to implement these standards and curb corrupt practices worldwide.

6. Measuring Globalization, Foreign Policy, January/February 2001

Contrary to popular perceptions, the rate of global integration appears to be increasing more slowly. The A. T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index dissects the complex forces driving the integration of ideas, people, and economics worldwide.

7. The Rich Should Not Forget the ROW (Rest of the World), Jose Ramos-Horta, New Perspectives Quarterly, Fall 2001

Jose Ramos-Horta, Nobel Peace Prize winner of 1996, proposes a future agenda to stop the growing gap between the rich and poor in the world today. The agenda includes debt cancellation for nation-states with per capita income of less than $1,000, increased development aid, improved market access, and promotion of an anti-poverty coalition.

8. Prisoners of Geography, Ricardo Hausmann, Foreign Policy, January/February 2001

“Economic development experts promise that with the correct mix of promarket policies, poor countries will eventually prosper. But policy isn’t the problem—geography is. Tropical, landlocked nations may never enjoy access to the markets and new technologies they need to flourish in the global economy.”

UNIT 3. Weapons of Mass Destruction

9. Nuclear Nightmares, Bill Keller, New York Times Magazine, May 26, 2002

“Experts on terrorism and proliferation agree that sooner or later an attack will happen in the United States. When and how remain the most challenging questions.” Given the difficulties involved in obtaining the amount of fissile materials needed for a full-fledged bomb, many experts are now predicting that terrorists are most likely to use radiation and other nuclear materials to cause disruptions, terror, and deaths.

10. Return of the Nuclear Debate, Leon Fuerth, The Washington Quarterly, Autumn 2001

The Bush administration is still formulating several interrelated defense initiatives concerned with nuclear modernization, arms control, ballistic missile defense, space dominance, and the “transformation” of conventional forces. Leon Fuerth summarizes and critiques the Bush administration’s views on these issues. According to Fuerth, strategic stability cannot be imposed; it must be set in place by mutual consent.

11. In North Korea and Pakistan, Deep Roots of Nuclear Barter, David E. Sanger, New York Times, November 24, 2002

In a perfect marriage of interests, Pakistan gave North Korea many of the designs for gas centrifuges and machinery needed to make highly enriched uranium. In exchange, North Korea gave Pakistan the plans to build a missile capable of hitting India. In a few years, North Korea may have nuclear weapons that put citizens and U.S. troops at risk in South Korea, Japan, and much of Asia, while Pakistan will soon be able to threaten to attack India with a missile-launched nuclear warhead.

12. Towards an Internet Civil Defence Against Bioterrorism, Ronald E. LaPorte et al., The Lancet Infectious Diseases, September 2001

There is little evidence that the large resources put into bioterrorism preparedness work. We must face the disturbing fact that it is very difficult to predict and guard against bioterrorism because there are too many targets, too many means to penetrate the targets, and the bioterrorists are crafty. Instead of building an inflexible Maginot line of defense as we are now, perhaps we should consider an ever alert, flexible electronic matrix of civil defense.

UNIT 4. North America

Part A. The United States

13. A Grand Strategy of Transformation, John Lewis Gaddis, Foreign Policy, November/December 2002

John Lewis Gaddis reviews what the Bush administration’s new National Security Strategy, released in September 2002, does and does not say. The new policy could represent the most sweeping shift in U.S. grand strategy since the beginning of the cold war. But its success depends on the willingness of the rest of the world to welcome U.S. power with open arms.

14. The Eagle Has Crash Landed, Immanuel Wallerstein, Foreign Policy, July/August 2002

Immanuel Wallerstein bucks conventional wisdom by arguing that America is a declining world power whose slide began during the Vietnam era. The pace of decline continues today at a more rapid rate due to military overreach that has broken the country’s economy. Current policies that rely on the aggressive use of U.S. power hasten the collapse of the American empire.

Part B. Canada

15. Economic Crossroads on the Line, Michael Grunwald, Washington Post, December 26, 2001

After September 11, 2001, the United States and Canada moved to increase barriers along their 5,500-mile frontier. The dramatic costs of doing so have helped energize long-term commitments from both nations to use technology to create a “smarter border.” Nevertheless, the changes highlighted attitudinal differences between citizens of the two countries on several issues related to the war on terrorism.

16. Canada’s Military ‘Needs Overhaul’, Lee Carter, BBC News Online, November 13, 2002

A Canadian senate committee recently recommended that the military immediately withdraw all of its forces from overseas duty for 2 years and spend billions of dollars to stop the country’s armed forces from collapsing. These recommendations echo repeated efforts by the United States to get its northern neighbor to spend much more on defense, in order to secure North America from terrorist threats.

UNIT 5. Latin America

17. Fragile Democracies, Forrest Colburn, Current History, February 2002

Latin America’s democracies are not in danger of collapsing, but there are many real problems. Forrest Colburn discusses 10 generalizations that are useful for understanding current conditions in Latin American countries and concludes with a provocative prediction that “Mexico may be a bellwether rather than an exception in the future.”

18. Argentina May Be Down But I Don’t Plan to Get Out, Santiago O’Donnell, Washington Post, August 25, 2002

An Argentine newspaper reporter describes conditions in his country in recent years. Scavengers who were formerly middle class, increasing unemployment, rampant inflation, and a distrust of banks (after the government froze and then devalued assets in banks last year) combined to result in the worst conditions in memory in Argentina.

19. Two Ways to Go Global, Peter Hakim, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2002

Brazil and Mexico are both looking beyond their borders for significant international roles but are pursuing very different paths. Mexico has linked its future to the United States and has opened its economy to foreign trade and investment. In contrast, Brazil remains a relatively closed economy and is pursuing an independent leadership role in South America that puts it in opposition to the United States on some issues.

UNIT 6. Europe

Part A. West Europe

20. The Balts and the European Union: Welcome Aboard!, The Economist, December 14, 2002

A remarkable transformation in Europe occurred at the end of 2002 when the Baltic states became members of the European Union. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have been offered NATO membership and will be invited to join the EU, probably in mid-2004. To cope with the upcoming integration, each country is trying to shift the emphasis of its economy to high-tech, “knowledge-based” industrial niches.

21. Reforging the Atlantic Alliance, Philip H. Gordon, The National Interest, Fall 2002

Many NATO-skeptics now proclaim, “NATO is dead.” In contrast, Philip Gordon provides four reasons why it is important that NATO continues to function and five tasks that NATO countries should commit to in the future.

22. The Real Trans-Atlantic Gap, Craig Kennedy and Marshall M. Bouton, Foreign Policy, November/December 2002

Americans and Europeans see eye to eye on many issues, but recent public opinion polls highlight sharp differences about global leadership, defense spending, and the Middle East that threaten the future of the alliance.

Part B. Central Europe

23. Europe’s Eastern Enlargement: Who Benefits?, John Hall and Wolfgang Quaisser, Current History, November 2001

The European Union is preparing a quantum leap eastward by adding 100 to 200 million new citizens from central-eastern and southeastern Europe. The authors discuss whether this unprecedented expansion eastward will endanger the future of this grand experiment in integration. They conclude that eastern enlargement will create a “win-win” economic situation while also fueling intense friction between net payers and net receivers of budgetary funds.

UNIT 7. Former Soviet Union

24. George W. Bush and Russia, James Goldgeier and Michael McFaul, Current History, October 2002

The Bush administration had already dropped the “tough realism” of the 2000 campaign and had started to reengage Russia when the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks occurred. After the attacks, the bond between Bush and Russian president Vladimir Putin grew stronger. A new Russian-American security agenda rather than the pace of Russia’s internal reform or the continued fighting in Chechnya now dominates this bilateral relationship.

25. Where Does Europe End?, Nancy Popson, The Wilson Quarterly, Summer 2002

Throughout its history, Ukraine straddled the border between East and West. Now, barely a decade after breaking away from the crumbling Soviet Union, it is leaning strongly toward Europe. But Europe is wary and the tracks toward Russia remain open.

UNIT 8. The Pacific Basin

26. Japan’s Slow-Moving Economic Avalanche, Scott B. MacDonald and Jonathan Lemco, Current History, April 2002

For now Japan is too integrated into the world financial system and too big to fail, but a time of reckoning is coming if changes are not made.

27. India, Pakistan, and the Prospect of War, Alexander Evans, Current History, April 2002

The important question about the prospects for future stability in South Asia is whether the United States will avoid abandoning Afghanistan once the al Qaeda threat is eliminated. Will it also remain sufficiently engaged to help prevent tensions between India and Pakistan from escalating into war? The stakes of another Indian-Pakistan war are much higher now that both countries possess nuclear capabilities.

28. Great Leap Backwards, Ahmed Rashid, Far Eastern Economic Review, April 18, 2002

The United States has no long-term strategy for implementing political or economic strategy in Afghanistan. Ahmed Rashid shares the fear of many that without a long-term strategy, ethnic divisions and Islamic fundamentalism will reassert themselves and divide Afghanistan.

UNIT 9. Middle East and Africa

Part A. The Middle East

29. “Why Do They Hate Us?”, Peter Ford, The Christian Science Monitor, September 27, 2001

In this report, a number of Muslims from different backgrounds, including those who are sympathetic toward the United States, explain why the carnage of September 11, 2001, was considered to be retribution for 50 years of U.S. policies in the region.

30. Bin Laden, the Arab “Street,” and the Middle East’s Democracy Deficit, Dale F. Eickelman, Current History, January 2002

Dale Eickelman explains how Osama bin Laden speaks in the “vivid language of popular Islamic preachers, and builds on a deep and widespread resentment against the West and local ruling elites identified with it.” Eickelman provides Web site URLs so that readers can view excerpts of al Qaeda’s sleek recruitment video tape that is available in many Middle Eastern video shops and is used by Western news media outlets.

31. The Costs of Chaos in Palestine, Mouin Rabbani, Middle East Report, Fall 2002

Israel has launched a comprehensive war of attrition in the occupied terrorities, whose objective is a decisive military victory leading to prolonged interim arrangements, dictated by Israel. Facing these overwhelming odds, the Palestinians remain plagued by a crisis of leadership that has already exacted a high price indeed.

Part B. Sub-Saharan Africa

32. Kenya’s Porous Border Lies Open to Arms Smugglers, Dexter Filkins with Marc Lacey, New York Times, December 4, 2002

The recent terrorist attacks in Kenya shed light on the continuing flow of illegal goods—lobsters, drugs, people, even missiles, across the Somalia-Kenyan border. The illegal traffic flows across historic smuggling routes that form a 2,000-mile arc from Pakistan down the eastern coast of Africa to southern Africa. Western officials suspect that al Qaeda operatives move people and guns around the region using these routes.

33. Africa’s Security Issues Through 2010, William Thom, Military Review, July/August 2000

William Thom reviews emerging trends in sub-Saharan Africa’s security. Thom predicts that interstate warfare will increase even as disparities in military power on the African continent continue to grow. Transnational criminality and war will also become virtually indistinguishable.

UNIT 10. International Organizations and Global Issues

34. Who Needs the U.N. Security Council?, James Traub, New York Times Magazine, November 17, 2002

After protracted negotiations in the UN Security Council over a resolution to require Iraq to accept a team of UN weapons inspectors and disarm, the answer to the question of who needs the UN is clear. The Bush administration needs international cover, while everybody else seeks to rein in the United States.

35. The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction, Henry A. Kissinger, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2001

The recent establishment of a permanent international criminal court is one of the most controversial developments in the field of international law. Henry Kissinger warns that its creation simply substitutes the tyranny of judges for that of governments. This view helps to explain why the United States does not support this new international institution.

36. The Five Wars of Globalization, Moisés Naím, Foreign Policy, January/February 2003

In addition to terrorism, governments are fighting wars against other networks involved in drugs, arms, intellectual property, people, and money. Governments will lose these wars until they adopt new strategies to deal with a larger, unprecedented struggle that now shapes the world as much as confrontations between nation-states once did.

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