Apache

Apache: The Definitive Guide, 3rd Edition is a complete guide to the Apache web server, discussing how to obtain, set up, and secure the software on both Unix and Windows systems. The updated 3rd edition covers both Apache 1.3 and Apache 2.0, the latest release of the software, and contains new material on mod_perl, PHP, Cocoon, Tomcat, and other new technologies that are associated with this dominant web server software.

Ben Laurie is the coauthor of Apache: The Definitive Guide, Technical Director of A.L. Digital Ltd. and The Bunker, a director of the Apache Software Foundation, author of Apache-SSL and a core team member of OpenSSL. As well as his obvious involvement with free software, he's also obsessed with security and privacy, particularly on the net. In his copious spare time, he writes stuff, sometimes code, sometimes words.

Coauthor of Apache: The Definitive Guide, 3nd Edition

Preface

xi

Getting Started

1

(36)

What Does a Web Server Do?

1

(3)

How Apache Works

4

(1)

Apache and Networking

5

(4)

How HTTP Clients Work

9

(3)

What Happens at the Server End?

12

(1)

Planning the Apache Installation

13

(1)

Windows?

14

(1)

Which Apache?

15

(1)

Installing Apache

16

(3)

Building Apache 1.3.X Under Unix

19

(11)

New Features in Apache v2

30

(2)

Making and Installing Apache v2 Under Unix

32

(1)

Apache Under Windows

33

(4)

Configuring Apache: The First Steps

37

(23)

What's Behind an Apache Web Site?

37

(2)

site.toddle

39

(1)

Setting Up a Unix Server

40

(12)

Setting Up a Win32 Server

52

(3)

Directives

55

(2)

Shared Objects

57

(3)

Toward a Real Web Site

60

(26)

More and Better Web Sites: site.simple

60

(3)

Butterthlies, Inc., Gets Going

63

(3)

Block Directives

66

(3)

Other Directives

69

(9)

HTTP Response Headers

78

(4)

Restarts

82

(1)

.htaccess

83

(1)

CERN Metafiles

83

(1)

Expirations

84

(2)

Virtual Hosts

86

(12)

Two Sites and Apache

86

(1)

Virtual Hosts

86

(4)

Two Copies of Apache

90

(3)

Dynamically Configured Virtual Hosting

93

(5)

Authentication

98

(27)

Authentication Protocol

98

(2)

Authentication Directives

100

(4)

Passwords Under Unix

104

(1)

Passwords Under Win32

105

(1)

Passwords over the Web

106

(1)

From the Client's Point of View

106

(1)

CGI Scripts

106

(1)

Variations on a Theme

106

(1)

Order, Allow, and Deny

107

(3)

DBM Files on Unix

110

(3)

Digest Authentication

113

(4)

Anonymous Access

117

(2)

Experiments

119

(1)

Automatic User Information

120

(1)

Using .htaccess Files

121

(2)

Overrides

123

(2)

Content Description and Modification

125

(18)

MIME Types

125

(7)

Content Negotiation

132

(1)

Language Negotiation

133

(3)

Type Maps

136

(3)

Browsers and HTTP/1.1

139

(1)

Filters

140

(3)

Indexing

143

(19)

Making Better Indexes in Apache

143

(9)

Making Our Own Indexes

152

(4)

Imagemaps

156

(3)

Image Map Directives

159

(3)

Redirection

162

(16)

Alias

163

(7)

Rewrite

170

(7)

Speling

177

(1)

Proxying

178

(13)

Security

178

(1)

Proxy Directives

179

(3)

Apparent Bug

182

(1)

Performance

183

(3)

Setup

186

(5)

Logging

191

(14)

Logging by Script and Database

191

(1)

Apache's Logging Facilities

192

(7)

Configuration Logging

199

(3)

Status

202

(3)

Security

205

(58)

Internal and External Users

206

(2)

Binary Signatures, Virtual Cash

208

(3)

Certificates

211

(2)

Firewalls

213

(4)

Legal Issues

217

(1)

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

217

(1)

Apache's Security Precautions

218

(15)

SSL Directives

233

(18)

Cipher Suites

251

(6)

Security in Real Life

257

(4)

Future Directions

261

(2)

Running a Big Web Site

263

(28)

Machine Setup

263

(1)

Server Security

263

(4)

Managing a Big Site

267

(2)

Supporting Software

269

(6)

Scalability

275

(2)

Load Balancing

277

(14)

Building Applications

291

(10)

Web Sites as Applications

291

(4)

Providing Application Logic

295

(4)

XML, XSLT, and Web Applications

299

(2)

Server-Side Includes

301

(9)

File Size

304

(1)

File Modification Time

304

(1)

Includes

305

(1)

Execute CGI

305

(1)

Echo

306

(1)

Apache v2: SSI Filters

307

(3)

PHP

310

(6)

Installing PHP

310

(1)

Site.php

311

(5)

CGI and Perl

316

(43)

The World of CGI

316

(2)

Telling Apache About the Script

318

(16)

Setting Environment Variables

334

(1)

Cookies

335

(9)

Script Directives

344

(2)

suEXEC on Unix

346

(7)

Handlers

353

(2)

Actions

355

(1)

Browsers

356

(3)

mod_perl

359

(13)

How mod_perl Works

360

(1)

mod_perl Documentation

361

(1)

Installing mod_perl---The Simple Way

361

(4)

Modifying Your Scripts to Run Under mod_perl

365

(1)

Global Variables

365

(2)

Strict Pregame

367

(1)

Loading Changes

368

(1)

Opening and Closing Files

368

(1)

Configuring Apache to Use mod_perl

369

(3)

mod_jserv and Tomcat

372

(21)

mod_jserv

372

(12)

Tomcat

384

(5)

Connecting Tomcat to Apache

389

(4)

XML and Cocoon

393

(11)

XML

393

(4)

XML and Perl

397

(1)

Cocoon

397

(1)

Cocoon 1.8 and JServ

397

(3)

Cocoon 2.0.3 and Tomcat

400

(1)

Testing Cocoon

401

(3)

The Apache API

404

(34)

Documentation

404

(1)

APR

405

(1)

Pools

405

(1)

Per-Server Configuration

406

(4)

Per-Directory Configuration

410

(3)

Per-Request Information

413

(4)

Access to Configuration and Request Information

417

(1)

Hooks, Optional Hooks, and Optional Functions

417

(9)

Filters, Buckets, and Bucket Brigades

426

(10)

Modules

436

(2)

Writing Apache Modules

438

(61)

Overview

438

(2)

Status Codes

440

(2)

The Module Structure

442

(35)

A Complete Example

477

(16)

General Hints

493

(1)

Porting to Apache 2.0

494

(5)

Appendix: The Apache 1.x API

499

(54)

Index

553

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Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials