Applied English Phonology

The new edition of the leading textbook for English applied phonetics and phonology

A leading textbook for English Phonetics and Phonology, the fourth edition of Applied English Phonology is an accessible, authoritative introduction to the English sound system. Providing clear explanations and numerous illustrative examples, this new edition has been fully updated with the latest research and references. Detailed discussions of fundamental concepts of applied English phonology cover phonetic elements, phonemics, English consonants and vowels, stress and intonation, structural factors in second language phonology, and much more. 

Designed for students and professionals in both theoretical and applied linguistics, education, and communication sciences and disorders, this textbook contains new material throughout, including a new chapter introducing typical phonological development, patterns of simplification, and disordered phonology. Expanded sections explore topics such as contracted forms, issues in consonant and vowel transcription conventions, and regional dialects of American English. The essential introduction to phonetics and phonology, this textbook:

• Presents new and revised exercises, references, and recommended readings
• Covers developmental disorders relevant to the field of speech pathology
• Includes end-of-chapter passages that help students check their phonetic transcriptions
• Features an enhanced companion website which contains instructor resources and sound files for transcription exercises

Written by an internationally recognized scholar and educator, Applied English Phonology, Fourth Edition is essential reading for anyone in applied phonetics and phonology courses, as well as students and practitioners in areas of language and linguistics, TESOL, and communication sciences and disorders.

MEHMET YAVAŞ Is Professor of Linguistics at Florida International University, USA. He has published numerous articles and books on applied phonology. Among those are Romance-Germanic Bilingual Phonology (2017) Unusual Productions in Phonology: Universals and Language-Specific Considerations (2015), Phonology: Development and Disorders (1998), First and Second Language Phonology (1994), Phonological Disorders in Children (1991) and Avaliacao fonologica da crianca (1990), a phonological assessment procedure for Brazilian Portuguese.

Preface to Fourth Edition x

Note to the Instructor xi

About the Companion Website xii

Abbreviations xiii

Chapter 1 Phonetics 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Phonetic Transcription 1

1.3 Description and Articulation of Sounds of English 4

1.3.1 The vocal tract 4

1.3.2 Voicing 5

1.3.3 Places of articulation 6

1.3.4 Manners of articulation 7

1.3.5 Voice onset time 9

1.3.6 Vowels and diphthongs 12

1.4 Additional Sounds 13

1.4.1 States of the glottis 13

1.4.2 Places and manners of articulation 14

1.4.3 Secondary articulations 16

1.4.4 Consonants made with non‐pulmonic airstream mechanisms 18

1.4.5 Vowels 19

1.5 Cardinal Vowels 20

1.6 Syllables and Suprasegmentals 21

Summary 25

Exercises 25

Chapter 2 Phonology 31

2.1 Introduction 31

2.2 Complementary versus Overlapping Distribution 32

2.2.1 Overlapping distribution and contrast 32

2.2.2 Complementary distribution 34

2.3 Phonemic Analysis: A Mini‐Demo 37

2.4 Free Variation 46

2.5 Morphophonology 47

2.6 Practical Uses of Phonological Analysis 49

Summary 52

Exercises 52

Chapter 3 English Consonants 58

3.1 Stops 58

3.2 Fricatives 64

3.3 Affricates 67

3.4 Nasals 68

3.5 Approximants 70

3.6 Sociophonetic Variation 72

Summary 74

Exercises 74

Chapter 4 English Vowels 79

4.1 Introduction 79

4.2 Vowel Set of American English 79

4.2.1 Phonetic properties of vowels 80

4.2.2 Tense–lax 81

4.2.3 Nasalized vowels 82

4.2.4 Length 82

4.2.5 Vowels before /ɹ̣/ 83

4.2.6 Vowels before /l/ 84

4.3 Front Vowels 85

4.4 Central Vowels 86

4.5 Back Vowels 86

4.6 Diphthongs 87

4.7 Sociophonetic Variation 90

4.8 Non‐US Varieties 91

4.9 Full Vowels–Reduced Vowels 93

4.10 Full (Strong) Forms versus Reduced (Weak) Forms of Function Words 95

Summary 97

Exercises 98

Chapter 5 Acoustics of Vowels and Consonants 102

5.1 Introduction 102

5.2 Spectrographic Analysis 104

5.3 Vowels and Diphthongs 105

5.4 Consonants 110

5.4.1 Obstruents 110

5.4.2 Sonorant consonants 118

5.5 Putting it Together 121

5.6 Waveform Analysis 124

5.7 Context 139

5.8 Practical Applications: Some Examples 141

Summary 144

Exercises 147

Chapter 6 Syllables 153

6.1 Introduction 153

6.2 Number of Syllables 156

6.3 Sonority 157

6.4 Syllabification 159

6.5 English Syllable Phonotactics 161

6.5.1 Single onsets 162

6.5.2 Double onsets 162

6.5.3 Triple onsets 164

6.5.4 Codas 165

6.5.5 Double codas 165

6.5.6 Triple codas 165

6.6 Written Syllabification 169

6.7 Syllable Weight and Ambisyllabicity 171

6.8 Practical Applications 173

Summary 176

Exercises 176

Chapter 7 Stress and Intonation 179

7.1 Introduction 179

7.2 Noun and Adjective Stress 180

7.3 Verb Stress 183

7.4 Secondary Stress 185

7.5 Affixes 187

7.5.1 Stress‐bearing (attracting) suffixes 188

7.5.2 Stress‐neutral suffixes 188

7.5.3 Stress‐shifting (fixing) suffixes 189

7.6 Stress in Compounds 191

7.7 Differences between American and British English 192

7.8 Intonation 195

7.9 Variations among the Varieties 199

Summary 200

Exercises 201

Chapter 8 Phonology of L1 205

8.1 Introduction 205

8.2 Pre‐linguistic Stage 205

8.3 Babbling to the first words 206

8.4 First 50 words 207

8.5 Systematic Development and patterns of erroneous productions 207

8.5.1 Syllable Structure Processes 208

8.5.2 Substitution Processes 209

8.5.3 Assimilation Processes 210

8.5.4 Co‐occurrence of Processes 212

8.5.5 Chronology of processes 213

8.6 Optimality Theory 213

8.7 Implications for Clinical treatment 221

Summary 221

Exercises 222

Chapter 9 Structural Factors in Second Language Phonology 225

9.1 Introduction 225

9.2 Spanish–English Mini Contrastive Analysis 229

9.3 Differential Treatment of Mismatches 234

9.3.1 Basic vs. derived context 235

9.3.2 Deflected contrast 236

9.3.3 Hypercontrast 237

9.4 Markedness 237

9.5 Ontogeny Phylogeny Model (OPM) 244

9.6 Optimality Theory (OT) 246

9.7 Perception 249

9.8 Bilingual Phonology 254

9.9 Loan Phonology 258

Summary 260

Appendix A 261

Turkish–English 261

Greek–English 262

Arabic–English 264

Korean–English 266

Portuguese–English 267

Appendix B 269

Exercises 270

Chapter 10 Spelling and Pronunciation 273

10.1 Irregularity of English Spelling 273

10.2 Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English 275

10.2.1 Consonants 275

10.2.2 Vowels 279

10.3 Morphological Basis of English Spelling 283

10.4 American English vs. British English 285

Summary 287

Exercises 288

Recommended Readings 291

Appendix: List of Sound Files 294

Glossary 299

References 307

Index 319

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