Applied Social Research A Tool for Human Services (with InfoTrac)

, by Monette, Duane R.; Sullivan, Thomas J.; DeJong, Cornell R.

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ISBN: 9780534628581 | 0534628583
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/28/2004

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1. Research in the Human Services. 2. The Logic of Social Research. 3. Ethical Issues in Social Research. 4. Issues in Problem Formulation. 5. The Process of Measurement. 6. Sampling. 7. Survey Research. 8. Analysis of Available Data. 9. Field Research and Qualitative Methods. 10. Experimental Research. 11. Single-System Designs. 12. Evaluation Research. 13. Scaling. 14. Data Analysis I: Data Preparation and Presentation. 15. Data Analysis II: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics. 16. Analysis of Qualitative Data. 17. Writing for Research: Grant Proposals and Report Writing. Appendix A. A Guide to Library Use and Information Retrieval. Appendix B. Generating Random Numbers. Glossary. References.

Preface

xix

New to the Sixth Edition

xxiii

Acknowledgments

xxvii

Research in the Human Services

(17)

Research in the Human Services

(4)

Goals of Research

(1)

Applications of Research

(3)

Special Issues: Research on Minorities and Women

(1)

Parallels and Linkages between Research and Practice

(4)

Steps in Conducting Research

(2)

Steps in Practice Intervention

(2)

The Plan of the Book

(3)

Main Points

(1)

Important Terms for Review

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

(1)

The Logic of Social Research

(30)

Sources of Knowledge

(6)

Tradition

(1)

Experience

(1)

Common Sense

(1)

Journalism

(1)

Science

(2)

Scientific Practice

(1)

Theories in Research and Practice

(5)

What Is a Theory?

(1)

The Functions of Theories

(2)

Concepts and Hypotheses

(3)

Defining Concepts

(1)

Developing Hypotheses

(1)

Concepts and Operational Definitions among Minority Populations

(1)

Perspectives on Science

(8)

Deduction versus Induction

(1)

Types of Explanation

(3)

Paradigms in Science

(4)

Cause-and-Effect Relationships

(3)

Main Points

(1)

Important Terms for Review

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

(2)

Ethical Issues in Social Research

(27)

The Minority Experience: The Need for Ethical Standards

(3)

Ethical Issues

(16)

Informed Consent

(2)

Deception

(1)

The Right to Privacy: Anonymity and Confidentiality

(3)

Harm, Distress, and Benefit

(3)

Sponsored Research

(1)

Scientific Misconduct and Fraud

(2)

Scientific Advocacy

(1)

Protecting Vulnerable Clients

(2)

Withholding Treatment for Research Purposes

(1)

Codes of Ethics

(2)

Main Points

(1)

Important Terms for Review

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

(1)

Issues in Problem Formulation

(26)

Selecting a Research Problem

(6)

Personal Interest

(1)

Social Problems

(1)

Testing Theory

(1)

Prior Research

(1)

Program Evaluation

(2)

Human Service Practice

(1)

Minorities in Research: The Political Context of Problem Selection

(2)

Shaping and Refining the Problem

(10)

Conceptual Development

(1)

Review of the Literature

(3)

Units of Analysis

(2)

Reactivity

(1)

Qualitative versus Quantitative Research

(1)

Cross-Sectional versus Longitudinal Research

(3)

Feasibility of a Research Project

(5)

Time Constraints

(1)

Financial Considerations

(2)

Anticipating and Avoiding Problems

(2)

Main Points

(1)

Important Terms for Review

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

(2)

The Process of Measurement

101

(28)

Ways of Measuring

102

(7)

From Concepts to Indicators

102

(2)

Techniques of Measuring

104

(1)

Positivist and Nonpositivist Views of Measurement

105

(4)

Levels of Measurement

109

(4)

Nominal Measures

109

(1)

Ordinal Measures

110

(1)

Interval Measures

110

(1)

Ratio Measures

111

(1)

Discrete versus Continuous Variables

112

(1)

Evaluating Measures

113

(7)

Validity

113

(3)

Reliability

116

(3)

Measurement with Minority Populations

119

(1)

Errors in Measurement

120

(3)

Random Errors

121

(1)

Systematic Errors

121

(1)

Improving Validity and Reliability

122

(1)

Choosing a Measurement Device

123

(2)

Main Points

125

(1)

Important Terms for Review

126

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

126

(1)

For Further Reading

127

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

127

(2)

Sampling

129

(28)

The Purpose of Sampling

130

(1)

Sampling Terminology

131

(3)

Populations and Samples

131

(1)

Sampling Frames

131

(2)

A Classic Sampling Disaster

133

(1)

Probability Samples

134

(10)

Simple Random Sampling

134

(1)

Systematic Sampling

135

(1)

Stratified Sampling

135

(2)

Area Sampling

137

(4)

Estimating Sample Size

141

(3)

Nonprobability Samples

144

(7)

Availability Sampling

145

(1)

Snowball Sampling

146

(1)

Quota Sampling

147

(1)

Purposive Sampling

148

(2)

Dimensional Sampling

150

(1)

Sampling with Minority Populations

151

(1)

A Note on Sampling in Practice

152

(1)

Main Points

153

(1)

Important Terms for Review

154

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

155

(1)

For Further Reading

155

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

156

(1)

Survey Research

157

(36)

Designing Questions

158

(6)

Closed-Ended versus Open-Ended Questions

158

(3)

Wording of Questions

161

(3)

Questionnaires

164

(8)

Structure and Design

164

(1)

Response Rate

165

(4)

Checking for Bias Due to Nonresponse

169

(1)

An Assessment of Questionnaires

170

(2)

Interviews

172

(10)

The Structure of Interviews

172

(5)

Contacting Respondents

177

(1)

Conducting an Interview

178

(2)

Minorities and the Interview Relationship

180

(1)

An Assessment of Interviews

181

(1)

Telephone Surveys

182

(2)

Online Surveys

184

(1)

Focus Groups

185

(2)

Practice and Research Interviews Compared

187

(3)

Main Points

190

(1)

Important Terms for Review

190

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

190

(1)

For Further Reading

191

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

192

(1)

Analysis of Available Data

193

(25)

Statistical Data

194

(9)

Sources of Statistical Data

194

(2)

Using Statistical Data

196

(7)

Content Analysis

203

(3)

Coding Schemes

203

(1)

Units of Analysis

204

(1)

Manifest versus Latent Coding

205

(1)

Issues in Content Analysis

206

(4)

Validity

206

(1)

Reliability

207

(1)

Level of Measurement

207

(2)

Sampling

209

(1)

Assessment of Available Data Analysis

210

(4)

Advantages

210

(1)

Disadvantages

211

(1)

Using Available Data in Research on Minorities

212

(2)

Main Points

214

(1)

Important Terms for Review

215

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

215

(1)

For Further Reading

216

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

216

(2)

Field Research and Qualitative Methods

218

(37)

Characteristics of Qualitative Methods

219

(2)

Contextual Approach

219

(1)

Grounded Theory Methodology

220

(1)

Field Research

221

(7)

Participant Observation

221

(5)

Unobtrusive Observation

226

(2)

Steps in Field Research

228

(4)

Problem Formulation

228

(1)

Selecting a Field Setting

228

(1)

Entering the Field

228

(1)

Developing Rapport in the Field

229

(1)

Becoming Invisible

230

(1)

Attitude of the Researcher

230

(1)

Observing and Recording in the Field

231

(1)

Going Native

231

(1)

Exiting the Field

232

(1)

Recording Observations in Field Research

232

(7)

Qualitative Observation: Field Notes

232

(2)

Quantitative Observation: Coding Sheets

234

(5)

Other Qualitative Methods

239

(3)

In-Depth Interviewing

240

(1)

Case Studies, Life Histories, and Narratives

240

(1)

Focus Groups

241

(1)

Issues in Observational and Field Research

242

(5)

Sampling

242

(2)

Validity and Reliability

244

(2)

Reactivity

246

(1)

Observational and Field Research on Minority Populations

246

(1)

Assessment of Field Techniques and Qualitative Methods

247

(2)

Advantages

247

(1)

Disadvantages

248

(1)

Observation in Human Service Practice

249

(2)

Main Points

251

(1)

Important Terms for Review

252

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

252

(1)

For Further Reading

253

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

253

(2)

Experimental Research

255

(33)

The Logic of Experimentation

257

(9)

Causation and Control

257

(2)

Matching and Randomization

259

(5)

Internal Validity

264

(2)

Experimental Designs

266

(11)

Preexperimental Designs

266

(1)

True Experimental Designs

267

(6)

Quasi-Experimental Designs

273

(2)

Modes of Data Collection in Experiments

275

(2)

External Validity

277

(4)

Reactive Effects of Testing

277

(1)

Unrepresentative Samples

277

(1)

Reactive Settings

278

(1)

Multiple-Treatment Interference

279

(1)

Enhancing the External Validity of Experiments

280

(1)

Lack of Minority Participation and Analysis

281

(1)

Assessment of Experiments

281

(3)

Advantages

281

(1)

Disadvantages

282

(2)

Main Points

284

(1)

Important Terms for Review

285

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

285

(1)

For Further Reading

285

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

286

(2)

Single-System Designs

288

(28)

The Clinical Research Model

289

(2)

The Clinical Research Process

291

(9)

Identify Problems

291

(1)

Establish Goals

291

(1)

Select a Single-System Design

292

(1)

Establish and Measure the Baseline

292

(3)

Introduce Treatment

295

(1)

Assess Treatment Effects

296

(4)

Types of Single-System Designs

300

(10)

Single-Treatment Designs

301

(4)

Specialized Designs

305

(5)

Generalizability of Single-System Designs

310

(1)

Assessment of the Clinical Research Model

311

(1)

Advantages

311

(1)

Disadvantages

311

(1)

Main Points

312

(2)

Important Terms for Review

314

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

314

(1)

For Further Reading

314

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

315

(1)

Evaluation Research

316

(27)

What Is Evaluation Research?

317

(3)

Why Evaluate?

317

(1)

Evaluation Research and Basic Research

317

(2)

The Politics of Evaluation Research

319

(1)

Types of Evaluation Research

320

(1)

Formative Evaluation Research

320

(2)

Summative Evaluation Research

322

(16)

Evaluability Assessment

322

(2)

Specification of Variables

324

(1)

Measuring Variables

325

(1)

The Evaluation of Minorities in Evaluation Research

326

(1)

Designs for Evaluation Research

327

(5)

Nonpositivist Approaches to Evaluation

332

(1)

Cost-Benefit Analysis

333

(4)

Cost-Effective Analysis

337

(1)

Barriers to the Use of Evaluation Research

338

(1)

Main Points

339

(1)

Important Terms for Review

340

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

340

(1)

For Further Reading

341

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

342

(1)

Scaling

343

(25)

Advantages of Scaling

344

(1)

Improved Validity

344

(1)

Improved Reliability

344

(1)

Increased Level of Measurement

344

(1)

Increased Efficiency in Data Handling

344

(1)

Developing Scales

345

(3)

Sources of Scale Items

345

(1)

Characteristics of Scale Items

346

(2)

Scaling Formats

348

(12)

Likert Scales

348

(3)

Thurstone Scales

351

(2)

Semantic Differential Scales

353

(2)

Guttman Scales

355

(4)

Multidimensional Scales

359

(1)

Avoiding Response Bias

360

(2)

Sources of Response Bias

360

(1)

Reducing Response Bias

361

(1)

Scaling in the Human Services

362

(2)

Main Points

364

(1)

Important Terms for Review

365

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

365

(1)

For Further Reading

366

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

367

(1)

Data Analysis I: Data Preparation and Presentation

368

(33)

Preparation for Data Analysis

369

(5)

Coding Schemes

369

(5)

Preparing and Using a Codebook

374

(1)

Data Entry

374

(4)

Raw Data Entry

374

(2)

Data Cleaning

376

(1)

Creating New Variables

377

(1)

Data Distributions

378

(6)

Types of Data Distributions

378

(2)

Constructing Frequency Distributions

380

(4)

Graphical Display of Data Distributions

384

(3)

Bar Graphs

384

(2)

Histograms and Frequency Polygons

386

(1)

Pie Charts

386

(1)

Contingency Tables

387

(11)

Bivariate Relationships

387

(6)

Multivariate Analysis

393

(5)

Main Points

398

(1)

Important Terms for Review

398

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

398

(1)

For Further Reading

399

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

400

(1)

Data Analysis II: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

401

(26)

Considerations in Choosing Statistics

402

(3)

Level of Measurement

402

(1)

Goals of the Data Analysis

403

(1)

Number of Variables

404

(1)

Properties of the Data

404

(1)

Audience

405

(1)

Descriptive Statistics

405

(9)

Measures of Central Tendency

406

(1)

Measures of Dispersion

407

(1)

Measures of Association

408

(3)

The Normal Distribution

411

(3)

Inferential Statistics

414

(10)

Probability Theory

415

(1)

Sampling Distributions

415

(1)

Statistical Hypothesis Testing

416

(2)

Statistical Procedures

418

(6)

Main Points

424

(1)

Important Terms for Review

424

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

424

(1)

For Further Reading

425

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

425

(2)

Analysis of Qualitative Data

427

(26)

Goals of Qualitative Data Analysis

428

(2)

Data Reduction and Analysis

430

(9)

Codes and Coding

430

(6)

Reflective Remarks and Memos

436

(1)

Contextualizing Strategies

437

(2)

Displaying Data

439

(3)

Narrative Text

439

(1)

Visual Displays

439

(3)

Conclusions and Verification

442

(5)

Using Computers in Qualitative Research

447

(2)

Coding and Retrieving Data

447

(1)

Data Analysis and Hypothesis Testing

448

(1)

Conceptualization and Theory Building

449

(1)

Main Points

449

(1)

Important Terms for Review

450

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

450

(1)

For Further Reading

451

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

451

(2)

Writing for Research: Grant Proposals and Report Writing

453

(24)

The Grant Funding Process

454

(5)

Federal Government Funding Sources

454

(1)

State Government Grants

455

(1)

Private Funding Sources

456

(1)

Learning about Funding Opportunities

457

(2)

Grant Proposal Planning

459

(4)

Proposal Development as a Process

459

(1)

Identifying the Topic

460

(1)

Needs Assessment

460

(1)

Specifying the Organization's Mission

461

(1)

Developing a Program

461

(1)

Targeting a Funding Source

462

(1)

Contacting and Visiting Funding Sources

463

(1)

Writing the Grant Proposal

463

(6)

Appearance and Writing Style

465

(1)

Components of the Proposal

466

(3)

Submitting the Proposal

469

(1)

Writing a Research Report

469

(5)

Consideration of the Audience

470

(1)

Organization of the Report

471

(2)

The Process of Writing

473

(1)

Main Points

474

(1)

Important Terms for Review

474

(1)

Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet

474

(1)

For Further Reading

475

(1)

Exercises for Class Discussion

476

(1)

Appendix A: A Guide to Library Use and Information Retrieval

477

(14)

Organization of the Library

478

(1)

Library Departments

478

(1)

Accessing Library Materials and Other Information

479

(1)

Books

479

(3)

The Classification System

479

(2)

The Library Catalog

481

(1)

Periodicals

482

(2)

The Classification System

482

(1)

Journals Important to the Human Services

483

(1)

Online Databases

484

(2)

Reference Books for the Human Services

486

(1)

Government Documents

486

(2)

Information Literacy and Critical Thinking Skills

488

(1)

For Further Reading

488

(3)

Appendix B: Generating Random Numbers

491

(4)

Glossary

495

(8)

References

503

(20)

Name Index

523

(10)

Subject Index

533

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Applied Social Research A Tool for Human Services (with InfoTrac)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials