Aquaporins

Aquaporins summarizes the present knowledge in this expanding field of research, starting with the structural analysis of water channel proteins. Subsequent chapters begin with mammalian aquaporins, examining physiology and pathophysiology, analysis of knock-out model animals, and the regulation of aquaporin function. Also covered is the distribution and regulation of aquaporins in plants and the function of water and glycerol channels in microbial systems.

Contributors

ix

Preface

xiii

Previous Volumes in Series

xv

Discovery of the Aquaporins and Their Impact on Basic and Clinical Physiology

Peter Agre

Mario J. Borgnia

Masato Yasui

John D. Neely

Jennifer Carbrey

David Kozono

Eric Beitz

Jason Hoffert

Virginia Leitch

Landon S. King

Pre-Aquaporin Era

2

(2)

The First Recognized Water Channel Protein

4

(13)

Other Mammalian Aquaporins

17

(11)

Nonmammalian Homologs

28

(3)

Perspective

31

(9)

References

31

(9)

The Aquaporin Superfamily: Structure and Function

Henning Stahlberg

Bernard Heymann

Kaoru Mitsuoka

Yoshinori Fuyijoshi

Andreas Engel

Introduction

40

(3)

Two-Dimensional Crystallization of Membrane Proteins

43

(2)

Electron Crystallography

45

(2)

Atomic Force Microscopy

47

(1)

AQP1, The Erythrocyte Water Channel

47

(28)

AQP0: The Major Intrinsic Protein of Lens Fiber Cells

75

(15)

Water Channel of Escherichia coli: AqpZ

90

(14)

Glycerol Channel of Escherichia coli: GlpF

104

(4)

Comparison of the High-Resolution Projection Structures of GlpF and AQP1

108

(1)

Conclusion and Perspectives

109

(13)

References

113

(9)

Physiological Roles of Aquaporins in the Kidney

Mark A. Knepper

Soren Nielsen

Chung-Lin Chou

Introduction

122

(1)

Water Transport along the Renal Tubule

122

(3)

Water Permeability along the Renal Tubule

125

(1)

Aquaporin-1 Facilitates Isoosmotic Fluid Transport in Proximal Tubule

126

(4)

Aquaporin-1 Allows Osmotic Equilibration in the Thin Descending Limb of Henle Despite Rapid Flow of Tubule Fluid

130

(3)

Aquaporin-1 Allows Osmotic Equilibration in the Descending Vasa Recta

133

(1)

Aquaporins Provide Molecular Targets for Regulation of Water Transport in the Renal Collecting Duct

134

(22)

References

145

(11)

Pathophysiology of Renal Aquaporins

Soren Nielsen

Tae-Hwan Kwon

Henrik Hager

Mark A. Knepper

David Marples

Jorgen Frokiaer

Introduction

156

(3)

Pathophysiology of Renal Aquaporins

159

(1)

Inherited NDI and CDI

160

(1)

Acquired NDI

161

(7)

Urinary Concentrating Defects

168

(5)

States of Water Retention

173

(4)

Conclusions

177

(9)

References

178

(8)

Genetic and Biophysical Approaches to Study Water Channel Biology

A. S. Verkman

Baoxue Yang

William R. Skach

Alok Mitra

Yuanlin Song

Geoffrey T. Manley

Tonghui Ma

Introduction

186

(1)

Lessons from Aquaporin Knockout Mice

186

(22)

Biophysical Analysis of Aquaporin Function

208

(10)

Aquaporin Structure and Function

218

(9)

New Directions in Aquaporin Physiology and Biophysics

227

(8)

References

228

(7)

Trafficking of Native and Mutant Mammalian MIP Proteins

Peter M. T. Deen

Dennis Brown

Normal Routing of MIP Proteins

235

(14)

Disturbed Trafficking of MIP Proteins

249

(30)

References

267

(12)

Aquaporins of Plants: Structure, Function, Regulation, and Role in Plant Water Relations

Maarten J. Chrispeels

Raphael Morillon

Christophe Maurel

Patricia Gerbeau

Per Kjellbom

Ingela Johansson

The Transpiration Stream

279

(7)

Water Movement in and between Living Tissues

286

(5)

Molecular Characteristics and Transport Properties of Plant Aquaporins

291

(9)

Subcellular Location of Plant Aquaporins

300

(3)

What Do the Water and Solute Transport Properties of Membranes Tell Us about the Aquaporins in Those Membranes?

303

(6)

The Multiple Roles of Aquaporins: How to Link Water Transport Properties to Functions at the Cellular and Tissue Level

309

(8)

Regulation of Aquaporin Expression and Water Transport Activity

317

(18)

References

327

(8)

Microbial Water Channels and Glycerol Facilitators

Gerald Kayingo

Roslyn M. Bill

Guiseppe Calamita

Stefan Hohmann

Bernard A. Prior

Introduction

335

(8)

Microbial Aquaporins and Glycerol Facilitators

343

(5)

Transport Properties and Channel Selectivity of Microbial MIP Channels

348

(2)

From Primary to Quaternary Structure in Microbial MIPs

350

(2)

Physiological Roles

352

(2)

Microbial MIP Channels in Osmoregulation

354

(8)

Control of the Function of Microbial MIP Channels

362

(1)

Conclusions and Future Perspectives

363

(9)

References

365

(7)

Future Directions of Aquaporin Research

Stefan Hohmann

Soren Nielsen

Christophe Maurel

Peter Agre

Identification and Characterization of New MIP Channels

372

(1)

Why Have So Many MIP Channels?

373

(1)

Analysis of the Physiological Roles of Aquaporins

374

(2)

Structure and Function

376

(1)

Aquaporins as Targets for Treatment of Human Disease

377

(1)

Aquaporins as Possible Targets for Genetic Engineering and Crop Improvement

378

(1)

Metabolic Engineering with Aquaporins

379

(1)

The Aquaporin Research Community

379

(2)

References

380

(1)

Index

381

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