Archaeological Laboratory Methods : An Introduction

, by Sutton, Mark Q.; Arkush, Brooke S.

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ISBN: 9780787281533 | 0787281530
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/1/2001

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Supplemental Materials

List of Figures

vii

List of Tables

Preface

Acknowledgments

xii

Introduction

(15)

Anthropology

(2)

Cultural Anthropology

(1)

Biological Anthropology

(1)

Anthropological Linguistics

(1)

Archaeology

(1)

Why Do Archaeology?

(2)

The Archaeological Record

(7)

Artifacts

(1)

Ecofacts

(1)

Human Remains

(1)

The ``Other'' Category

(1)

Geofacts

(1)

Assemblages

(1)

Features

(1)

Site Deposits

(1)

Archaeological Sites

(1)

Typifying Sites

(3)

Historical Sites

(1)

Isolates

(1)

Context and Provenience

(1)

Site Formation Processes

(1)

Site Disturbance

(1)

Taphonomy

(1)

Preservation

(1)

Stones and Bones

(1)

Perishables

(1)

References

(1)

The Archaeological Project

(9)

Research Design

(2)

Inventory (Survey)

(1)

Excavation

(2)

Field Methods

(1)

What Comes in from the Field

(4)

Field Provenience: Sites, Units, Levels, and In Situ

(1)

Bags

(1)

Notes and Records

(3)

Field Bias

(1)

Borrowing Collections from Other Institutions

(1)

Reporting the Results

(3)

Tables

(1)

Figures

(2)

The Archaeological Catalog

(12)

Accession, Lot, and Catalog Numbers

(1)

Recordation

(4)

Paper Catalogs and Records

(3)

Computer Catalogs and Records

(1)

Storage of Records

(1)

Artifact Treatment

(1)

Processing the Material

(5)

Equipment

(1)

Initial Sorting and Cleaning

(3)

Classification

(1)

``Rough'' Cataloging

(1)

Storage of the Collection

(1)

Access

(1)

Reference

(1)

Analysis of Flaked Stone Artifacts

(31)

Robert M. Yohe II

Definition

(1)

Fundamental Flaked Stone Mechanics

(1)

Flaked Stone Raw Materials

(2)

Heat-Treatment

(1)

Production of Stone Tools

(2)

Anatomy of a Flake

(1)

Flaked Stone Tools

(10)

Bifaces

(3)

Unifaces

(3)

Cores

(1)

Flakes as Tools

(1)

What about Hammerstones?

(1)

Measurement of Flaked Stone Artifacts

(1)

Debitage Analysis

(9)

Technological Analysis

(7)

Reporting the Results

(2)

Special Studies

(1)

Flaked Stone Analysis and Cultural Process: Experimental Studies

(2)

References

(1)

Additional Reading

(3)

Analyses of ``Ground Stone'' Milling and Processing Implements, Decorative and Ritual Objects, Cutting and Abrading Tools

(37)

Joan S. Schneider

Definition

(1)

A Note on Preservation

(1)

Identification of Ground Stone Surfaces

(2)

Grinding and Polishing

(2)

Visual Identification

(1)

Tactile Identification

(1)

Types of ``Ground Stone'' Artifacts

(13)

``Ground Stone'' Artifacts Ground Through Use

(5)

``Ground Stone'' Artifacts Ground in Manufacture

(7)

Description and Analysis

(16)

How to Describe ``Ground Stone'' Artifacts

(5)

How to Analyze ``Ground Stone'' Artifacts

(7)

Interpretation

(1)

In Conclusion

100

(1)

References

100

(1)

Additional Reading

101

(4)

Analysis of Aboriginal Ceramics

105

(31)

Definition

105

(1)

Raw Materials

106

(1)

Primary Clays

106

(1)

Secondary Clays

106

(1)

Color

107

(1)

Manufacturing Methods

107

(8)

Temper

107

(1)

Vessel Construction

107

(1)

Finishing Techniques

107

(4)

Decorative Techniques

111

(2)

Drying and Firing

113

(2)

Classification

115

(5)

Ceramic Wares

115

(3)

Ceramic Types

118

(2)

Nonvessel Ceramic Artifacts

120

(1)

Basic Analysis

120

(11)

Form and Function Analysis

120

(5)

Technological Analysis

125

(4)

Stylistic Analysis

129

(1)

Dating of Ceramics

130

(1)

Experimental Studies

130

(1)

Concluding Remarks

131

(1)

References

132

(4)

Analysis of Shell and Bone Artifacts

136

(10)

Definition

136

(1)

Shell Artifacts

136

(4)

Beads and Ornaments

136

(3)

Classification and Analysis

139

(1)

Bone Artifacts

140

(4)

Utilitarian Artifacts

140

(1)

Beads and Ornaments

141

(2)

Classification and Analysis

143

(1)

References

144

(2)

Analysis of Perishables

146

(14)

Definition

146

(1)

What to Record: General Guidelines

146

(1)

Conservation of Perishables

147

(1)

Basketry

147

(7)

Form and Function

148

(1)

Construction

149

(1)

Materials

150

(1)

Decoration

150

(3)

What to Record

153

(1)

Textiles

154

(1)

What to Record

155

(1)

Artifacts of Wood and Cane

155

(1)

What to Record

155

(1)

Artifacts of Skin or Hide

155

(2)

What to Record

155

(2)

Artifacts of Other Perishable Materials

157

(1)

Ecofacts as Perishables

158

(1)

References

158

(2)

Analysis of Historical Artifacts

160

(65)

Definition

160

(1)

Types of Historical Artifacts

160

(53)

Metal Artifacts

161

(14)

Glass Artifacts

175

(22)

Ceramic Artifacts

197

(12)

Buttons

209

(4)

Plant and Animal Remains

213

(4)

Above and Below Ground Features

217

Historical Documents

214

(1)

Concluding Remarks

215

(1)

References

215

(10)

Analysis of Animal Remains

225

(41)

Definition

225

(1)

Faunal Taxonomic Classification

225

(9)

Invertebrates

226

(1)

Vertebrates

227

(7)

Terminology in Faunal Analysis

234

(3)

Basic Skeletal Classification

236

(1)

Recovery of Faunal Remains

237

(1)

Screen-Recovered Material

237

(1)

Features

237

(1)

Chemical Residues

238

(1)

Identification of Faunal Remains

238

(3)

Comparative Collections

239

(1)

Sexing

240

(1)

Aging

240

(1)

Recording the Information

241

(1)

Analytical Considerations

241

(7)

Taphonomy

243

(1)

Processing Animals

243

(2)

Distinguishing Cultural from Noncultural Remains

245

(1)

Bones as Tools

246

(1)

Quantification

246

(2)

Uses of Faunal Data in Interpretation

248

(5)

Subsistence Patterns

249

(1)

Settlement Patterns

250

(1)

Site Interpretation

250

(1)

Environmental Reconstruction

251

(1)

Ideology

251

(1)

Status

251

(1)

Ethnicity

251

(1)

Dating

252

(1)

Seasonality

252

(1)

Technology

252

(1)

Trade

252

(1)

Domestication

253

(1)

A Note on Faunal Remains from Historical Sites

253

(1)

References

253

(5)

Faunal Analysis Forms

258

(8)

Analysis of Plant Remains

266

(16)

Definition

266

(1)

Plant Taxonomic Classification

266

(1)

Terminology in Plant Analysis

267

(1)

Categories of Plant Remains

267

(2)

Recovery of Plant Remains

269

(5)

Screen-Recovered Material

269

(1)

Features

269

(1)

Soil Samples

269

(5)

Special Samples

274

(1)

Identification of Plant Remains

274

(1)

Comparative Collections

274

(1)

Recording the Information

274

(1)

Analytical Considerations

275

(1)

Distinguishing Cultural from Noncultural Remains

275

(1)

Quantification

275

(1)

The Uses of Plant Data in Interpretation

276

(3)

Subsistence Patterns

276

(1)

Settlement Patterns

276

(1)

Site Interpretation

276

(1)

Environmental Reconstruction

277

(1)

Ideology

277

(1)

Status

277

(1)

Ethnicity

278

(1)

Dating

278

(9)

Seasonality

287

(1)

Technology

287

Trade

278

(1)

Domestication

278

(1)

References

279

(3)

Analysis of Human Remains

282

(21)

Definition

282

(1)

Legal and Ethical Issues in the Acquisition and Analysis of Human Remains

283

(1)

Conservation of Human Remains

283

(2)

Cleaning

284

(1)

Labeling

284

(1)

Preservation and Reconstruction

284

(1)

Identification

285

(2)

Terminology

285

(1)

Bone Classification

285

(2)

Initial Sorting

287

(1)

Methods of Analysis

287

(11)

Metric Analysis

287

(3)

Other Analysis

290

(1)

Nonmetric Variations

291

(1)

Estimation of Age, Sex, Stature, and Race

292

(1)

Pathologies

293

(4)

Cremations

297

(1)

Postmortem Alteration

298

(1)

Interpretive Approaches

298

(2)

Diet and Nutrition

298

(1)

Health

299

(1)

Demography

299

(1)

Social Inferences

299

(1)

Misuse of Human Data

300

(1)

References

300

(3)

Archaeometry and Special Analyses

303

(17)

Definition

303

(1)

Archaeometry

303

(8)

Dating

303

(6)

Materials Sourcing

309

(1)

Protein Residue Analysis

309

(1)

DNA Studies

310

(1)

Residue Analysis

311

(1)

Other Analyses

311

(6)

Use-Wear Analysis

311

(1)

Studies of Human Paleofeces

311

(3)

Soils Analysis

314

(3)

References

317

(3)

Archaeological Illustration

320

(10)

Definition

320

(1)

Pen-and-Ink Drawings

320

(5)

Artifact Drawings

321

(1)

Maps

321

(4)

Photography

325

(3)

Black-and-White Photography

325

(3)

Color Photography

328

(1)

Computer-Assisted Illustration

328

(1)

Concluding Remarks

328

(1)

References

328

(2)

Setting Up the Basic Archaeology Laboratory

330

(18)

Thomas W. Neumann

Brian D. Bates

Robert M. Sanford

Purposes and Roles

330

(1)

Features Required by All Laboratories

331

(7)

Physical Plant and Equipment Needs

331

(6)

Configuring and Locating Laboratory Space

337

(1)

Differences and Variations

338

(9)

Physical Plant and Equipment Needs

338

(6)

Configuring

344

(1)

Budgeting and Planning

345

(2)

Notes

347

(1)

Appendix 1. A Sample Excavation Report

348

(7)

Appendix 2. Glossary

355

(16)

Index

371

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Archaeological Laboratory Methods : An Introduction

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials