Architectural Tiles : Conservation and

Providing hands on advice for the conservator, Architectural Tiles: Conservation and Restoration is a unique and valuable guide. Topics covered offer practical guidance on conservation and restoration techniques including the problems of manufacture, cleaning, replacement or repair and mortars. Techniques are illustrated by comprehensive case studies, against a background of the role of past architects and designers in historic schemes. * Unique guide to the conservation and restoration of architectural tiles * International case studies provide inspiration and tips for best practice * Learn from the author's 20 years experience in the field

Acknowledgements and thanks

ix

Acknowledgements for photographs

xi

List of illustrations

xii

List of colour plates

xviii

Introduction

xix

Looking at tile schemes

1

(15)

Introduction

1

(1)

Medieval pavements

2

(2)

Delftware interiors

4

(3)

Nineteenth and early twentieth century interior schemes

7

(9)

Tile making -- past and present

16

(39)

Introduction

16

(1)

Medieval tiles

17

(10)

Early tile making

17

(5)

Degradation associated with manufacturing techniques

22

(2)

Contemporary tile making techniques in the medieval style

24

(3)

Delftware tiles

27

(10)

Early tile making in the Netherlands

27

(5)

Degradation associated with manufacturing techniques

32

(1)

Current tile making techniques

33

(3)

Factory restoration techniques

36

(1)

Nineteenth century tiles

37

(16)

Industrial mass production of nineteenth century floor tiles

37

(4)

Degradation of floor tiles associated with production techniques

41

(2)

Industrial mass production of nineteenth century glazed wall tiles

43

(2)

Degradation of glazed wall tiles associated with production techniques

45

(2)

Current tile manufacturing techniques for restoration projects

47

(6)

Conclusion

53

(2)

Mortar and construction methods used in historic tile schemes

55

(28)

Introduction

55

(1)

Construction methods in the medieval period

56

(6)

Early lime mortar

58

(3)

Mortar mixes for resetting

61

(1)

Construction methods in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

62

(6)

Fixing methods and materials in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

64

(2)

Mortar and resetting for seventeenth and eighteenth century tiles

66

(1)

Short case study

67

(1)

Construction methods in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

68

(13)

Problems connected with the early use of Portland cement

74

(3)

Mortars and adhesives for resetting nineteenth and early twentieth century tiles

77

(4)

Conclusion

81

(2)

Principals of conservation for architectural tile schemes

83

(12)

Introduction

83

(2)

Pre-industrial age

85

(1)

Post-industrial age

86

(5)

Conservation in the USA

91

(4)

Methods of conservation

95

(56)

Introduction

95

(1)

Surveys

96

(6)

Historical context

96

(1)

Description

97

(1)

Identifying deterioration

97

(2)

Identifying wear and tear due to natural aging

99

(1)

Treatment recommendations within a survey

100

(2)

Role of the conservator as consultant

102

(1)

Cleaning

103

(10)

Hard and soft bodies

103

(1)

Medieval tile pavements

104

(3)

Seventeenth and eighteenth century glazed wall tiles

107

(2)

Nineteenth and twentieth century tiles

109

(4)

Paint removal from glazed tiles

113

(1)

Salts

114

(2)

Continuing care of historic and restored glazed tile schemes

116

(2)

Advice to others

116

(2)

Consolidation of mortar

118

(7)

Degradation and consolidation of medieval mortar

118

(1)

Causes of degradation in seventeenth and eighteenth century mortars

119

(2)

Consolidating seventeenth and eighteenth century mortars

121

(1)

Causes of degradation in nineteenth and twentieth century mortars

122

(2)

Consolidation of nineteenth and twentieth century mortars

124

(1)

The importance of grout

125

(2)

Consolidation of ceramic tiles in-situ

127

(5)

Causes of damage to in-situ tiles

127

(2)

Consolidating medieval tiles

129

(1)

Consolidating seventeenth and eighteenth century tiles

130

(1)

Consolidating nineteenth and twentieth century tiles

131

(1)

Painting or retouching

132

(2)

Safe removal of damaged historic tiles

134

(4)

Medieval tiles

134

(1)

Eighteenth century and later tiles

134

(3)

Removal of steel pins

137

(1)

Relocation of eighteenth century decorative tile panels and schemes

138

(1)

Relocation of nineteenth and twentieth century decorative tile panels and schemes

138

(7)

Ethical considerations

138

(2)

Practice of relocation

140

(5)

Preparing for reuse or display

145

(2)

Displaying tile panels

147

(2)

Conservation treatment reports

149

(2)

Tools, products, and health and safety

151

(5)

Introduction

151

(1)

On-site work

151

(2)

On-site tools and materials checklist

153

(1)

Studio equipment

154

(2)

Case studies

156

(41)

The conservation of the historic tile floors at Ontario State Courthouse, Osgoode Hall, Toronto

156

(14)

Historic context

156

(2)

Condion survey, September 1999

158

(1)

Repairs to the hallway floor (Room 242), August 2000

159

(6)

The atrium floor

165

(5)

The conservation and restoration of Pugin tiles at the House of Commons, London

170

(4)

Manufacture

171

(2)

On-site conservation

173

(1)

Appendix

174

(1)

Conservation of medieval tile pavements in an outdoor environment (1998--2001)

174

(11)

Introduction

174

(1)

Background to the project

175

(1)

The natural environment

175

(2)

Treatment methods

177

(2)

The weather

179

(2)

Visitors

181

(1)

Vandalism

181

(1)

Conclusion

181

(1)

Appendix

182

(3)

Persian Water Rug fountain, San Diego, California, USA

185

(1)

Sidewalk tiles, Joliet, Illinois

186

(4)

Update

189

(1)

Conservation treatment report on three early 1960s tile panels from Sunderland Art Gallery for Tyne and Wear Museums

190

(7)

Introduction

190

(1)

Conservation treatment

191

(1)

Condition

192

(1)

Treatment

192

(3)

Additional treatment

195

(1)

Reversing technique

196

(1)

Bibliography and references

197

(3)

Appendix

200

(1)

Index

201

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Architectural Tiles : Conservation and Restoration

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials