The Art of Reasoning

The Third Edition has been meticulously updated and continues the successful pedagogical approach of the two previous editions, guiding students through the fundamental elements of formal deductive logic, classification and definition, fallacies, basic argument analysis, inductive generalization, statistical reasoning, and explanation.

Preface

xiii

Chapter 1 Introduction

1

(10)

Thinking Skills

2

(3)

Objectivity

5

(6)

PART ONE CONCEPTS AND PROPOSITIONS

11

(76)

Chapter 2 Classification

11

(22)

Concepts and Referents

12

(5)

Rules of Classification

17

(6)

Levels of Organization

23

(4)

Summary

27

(1)

Exercises

28

(5)

Chapter 3 Definitions

33

(26)

The Functions of a Definition

34

(2)

Rules for Definitions

36

(9)

Constructing Definitions

45

(8)

Summary

53

(1)

Exercises

53

(6)

Chapter 4 Propositions

59

(28)

Propositions and Sentences

60

(1)

Propositions and Word Meaning

61

(6)

Propositions and Grammar

67

(11)

Summary

78

(1)

Exercises

79

(8)

PART TWO ARGUMENTS

87

(108)

Chapter 5 Basic Argument Analysis

87

(38)

Elements of Reasoning

88

(5)

Diagramming Arguments

93

(12)

Logical Strength

105

(5)

Implicit Premises

110

(6)

Summary

116

(1)

Exercises

116

(9)

Chapter 6 Fallacies

125

(42)

Subjectivist Fallacies

126

(8)

Fallacies Involving Credibility

134

(7)

Fallacies of Context

141

(6)

Fallacies of Logical Structure

147

(8)

Summary

155

(2)

Exercises

157

(10)

Chapter 7 Advanced Argument Analysis

167

(28)

Distilling an Argument

167

(7)

Diagramming Debates

174

(9)

Summary

183

(3)

Exercises

186

(9)

PART THREE CLASSICAL DEDUCTIVE LOGIC

195

(138)

Chapter 8 Categorical Propositions

195

(38)

Standard Form

196

(6)

The Square of Opposition

202

(5)

Existential Import

207

(3)

Distribution

210

(3)

Immediate Inference

213

(8)

Venn Diagrams

221

(5)

Summary

226

(1)

Exercises

227

(6)

Chapter 9 Categorical Syllogisms

233

(48)

The Structure of a Syllogism

233

(5)

Validity

238

(3)

Enthymemes

241

(2)

Rules of Validity

243

(9)

Venn Diagrams

252

(8)

The Cancellation Method

260

(11)

Summary

271

(1)

Exercises

272

(9)

Chapter 10 Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms

281

(20)

Disjunctive Syllogisms

282

(4)

Hypothetical Propositions

286

(4)

Hypothetical Syllogisms

290

(5)

Summary

295

(1)

Exercises

295

(6)

Chapter 11 Syllogisms in Ordinary Reasoning

301

(32)

Distilling Deductive Arguments

302

(7)

Extended Arguments

309

(14)

Summary

323

(1)

Exercises

323

(10)

PART FOUR MODERN DEDUCTIVE LOGIC

333

(120)

Chapter 12 Propositional Logic--Symbolic Notation

333

(28)

Connectives

334

(12)

Statement Forms

346

(6)

Computing Truth Values

352

(3)

Summary

355

(1)

Exercises

355

(6)

Chapter 13 Propositional Logic--Arguments

361

(44)

Truth Table Test of Validity

362

(4)

Truth Table Test--Short Form

366

(4)

Proof

370

(10)

Equivalence

380

(8)

Conditional Proof and Reductio ad Absurdum

388

(7)

Summary

395

(1)

Exercises

396

(9)

Chapter 14 Predicate Logic

405

(48)

Quantifiers

406

(2)

General Statements

408

(7)

Relations and Multiple Quantification

415

(10)

Proof

425

(17)

Summary

442

(1)

Exercises

442

(11)

PART FIVE INDUCTIVE LOGIC

453

Chapter 15 Inductive Generalizations

453

(34)

Generalizing

454

(7)

Causality

461

(3)

Agreement and Difference

464

(8)

Concomitant Variations and Residues

472

(6)

Summary

478

(1)

Exercises

478

(9)

Chapter 16 Argument by Analogy

487

(18)

Analogy and Similarity

488

(3)

Analysis and Evaluation

491

(8)

Summary

499

(1)

Exercises

499

(6)

Chapter 17 Statistical Reasoning

505

(42)

Logic and Statistics

506

(3)

Using Statistics in Argument

509

(10)

Statistical Generalization

519

(6)

Statistical Evidence of Causality

525

(12)

Summary

537

(1)

Exercises

538

(9)

Chapter 18 Explanation

547

Explanation and Argument

548

(6)

Adequacy

554

(8)

The Truth of Hypotheses

562

(11)

Summary

573

(1)

Exercises

574

Answers to Practice Quizzes

A1

(68)

Glossary

A69

(8)

Index

A77

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Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials