Assessing Students : How Shall We Know Them?

This book is concerned with assessment procedures. What student qualities and achievements are actively valued and rewarded by the system? How are its purposes and intentions realized? The aim of this book is to encourage teachers and students to bring together the technical and philosophical aspects, and to examine assessment from a broader perspective.

Introduction

ix

What is Assessment?

1

(14)

The Nature of Assessment

4

(4)

The Dynamics of Assessment

8

(3)

Five Dimensions of Assessment

11

(4)

The Purposes of Assessment

15

(20)

Selection by Assessment

16

(4)

Maintaining Standards

20

(2)

Motivation of Students

22

(2)

Feedback to Students

24

(3)

Feedback to the Teacher

27

(1)

Preparation for Life

28

(3)

Balancing the Purposes

31

(4)

The Side-Effects of Assessment

35

(46)

The Prejudicial Aspects of Assessment

36

(4)

Students' Knowledge of Assessment

40

(4)

The Extrinsic Rewards of Assessment

44

(7)

The Competitive Aspects of Assessment

51

(6)

The Bureaucratic Aspects of Assessment

57

(8)

The Nature of Specific Assessment Techniques

65

(3)

The Giving of Grades

68

(3)

The Reporting of Assessment Results

71

(10)

What to Assess?

81

(36)

Assessment Constructs and Learning Objectives

84

(5)

Objectives in Assessment

89

(5)

Sources of Objectives

94

(8)

Levels of Objective

102

(5)

The Negotiation of Objectives

107

(6)

Apart from Objectives

113

(4)

How to Assess?

117

(52)

Formal vs. Informal Assessment

119

(2)

Formative vs. Summative Assessment

121

(1)

Continuous vs. Terminal Assessment

122

(6)

Course Work vs. Examinations

128

(9)

Process vs. Product Assessment

137

(4)

Internal vs. External Assessment

141

(8)

Convergent vs. Divergent Assessment

149

(9)

Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Assessment

158

(4)

Choice of Assessment Methods

162

(7)

How to Interpret?

169

(30)

Selective Perceptions

169

(3)

Beyond Behaviour

172

(1)

Explanations and Implications

173

(4)

Comparisons and Judgements

177

(11)

Validity and Reliability in Interpretation

188

(11)

How to Respond?

199

(45)

The Teaching Response

201

(9)

The Reporting Response

210

(17)

Towards Richer Reporting

227

(13)

How Shall We Know Them. Some Modest Proposals

240

(4)

References

244

(15)

Feedback

259

(4)

Index

263

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Assessing Students : How Shall We Know Them?

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials