Assessment and Reclamation of Contaminated

Contaminated land and the methods and legal controls governing its reclamation for subsequent development and use are of great current interest and concern. This volume covers aspects of this subject, ranging from the origins and extent of contaminated land problems, including effects on human health, through investigative measures, to specific techniques of remediation. It is written in the context of the new UK contaminated land regime and includes human and ecological risk assessment methodology, and the legal liabilities and insurance aspects of contaminated land. This authoritative review will be welcomed by those involved in the areas of land use planning and development, consultants and engineers in contaminated site investigation and remediation, and environmental regulators. Students of land management and environmental science will also find it essential reading.

The Extent of Contaminated Land Problems and the Scientific Response	p. 1
The Origins of Contaminated Land Problems	p. 1
The Extent of the Challenge	p. 3
Developments in the Science Base	p. 6
Conclusions	p. 19
Acknowledgements	p. 19
The New UK Contaminated Land Regime	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
The Context for Part IIA	p. 21
The Part IIA System	p. 24
Dealing with 'Risk'	p. 29
Making People Pay	p. 35
Part IIA as a 'Regulatory System'	p. 39
The State of Play	p. 42
What Next?	p. 43
Identifying and Dealing with Contaminated Land	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Site Assessment	p. 46
Risk Management	p. 58
Measurement of Site Contamination	p. 60
Conclusions	p. 63
Contaminated Land and the Link with Health	p. 65
Introduction	p. 65
Exposure	p. 66
Health Studies	p. 73
Case Studies	p. 80
Conclusion	p. 83
Human Health Risk Assessment: Guideline Values and Magic Numbers	p. 85
Land Contamination Policy	p. 85
Risk Assessment	p. 88
What Is a Guideline Value?	p. 89
The Use of Guideline Values	p. 93
The CLEA Model	p. 96
The SNIFFER Framework	p. 101
Conclusions	p. 101
Acknowledgements	p. 101
Ecological Risk Assessment under the New Contaminated Land Regime	p. 103
Background and Legal Context	p. 103
Harm to Ecological Receptors	p. 104
General Approach to the Assessment of Land Under the New Regime	p. 105
Assessing Whether Significant Harm to Ecological Receptors Is Occurring	p. 106
Assessing the Possibility of Significant Harm Occurring	p. 108
The Environment Agency's Suggested Approach	p. 109
Guideline Values	p. 111
Comments and Discussion	p. 113
Remediation Methods for Contaminated Sites	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
Summary of Remediation Approaches	p. 116
Selected Innovative Approaches	p. 129
Summary and Conclusions	p. 139
Legal Liabilities and Insurance Aspects of Contaminated Land	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Contaminated Land	p. 141
Statutory Provisions in the UK	p. 142
Sale of Land/Businesses	p. 143
Principles of Insurance	p. 144
History of Environmental Insurance	p. 146
Land Owners and Environmental Liabilities	p. 148
Pollution Liabilities for Contaminated Land Sites	p. 148
Current Manufacturing Activities	p. 149
Environmental Insurance	p. 150
Environmental Consultants	p. 154
Collateral Warranties	p. 155
Contractors	p. 156
An Example	p. 157
Conclusion	p. 159
Subject Index	p. 161
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Assessment and Reclamation of Contaminated Land

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