Asset and Liability Management for Banks and Insurance Companies

This book introduces ALM in the context of banks and insurance companies. Although this strategy has a core of fundamental frameworks, models may vary between banks and insurance companies because of the different risks and goals involved. The authors compare and contrast these methodologies to draw parallels between the commonalities and divergences of these two services and thereby provide a deeper understanding of ALM in general.

Marine Corlosquet-Habart is a certified actuary and co-director of EURIA (Euro-Institut d’Actuariat, University of West Brittany, Brest, France). She teaches at EURIA, Telecom Bretagne and Ecole Centrale Paris (France). Her main research interests are pandemics, Solvency II internal models and ALM issues for insurance companies.

William Gehin is a graduate engineer and actuary with risk management experience in both banking (Rothschild, HSBC) and insurance (BNP Paribas Cardif). His actuary dissertation concerned the management of extreme financial risks and received two international prizes (FFSA and AFGAP-PRMIA prize).

Jacques Janssen is Honorary Professor at the Solvay Business School (ULB) in Brussels, Belgium, having previously taught at EURIA (Euro-Institut d’Actuariat, University of West Brittany, Brest, France) and Telecom Bretagne (Brest, France) as well as being a director of Jacan Insurance and Finance Services, a consultancy and training company.

Raimondo Manca is Professor of mathematical methods applied to economics, finance and actuarial science at the University of Rome in Italy. His main research interests are multidimensional linear algebra, computational probability, the application of stochastic processes to economics, finance and insurance and simulation models.

INTRODUCTION ix

CHAPTER 1. DEFINITION OF ALM IN THE BANKING AND INSURANCE AREAS 1

1.1. Introduction 1

1.2. Brief history of ALM for banks and insurance companies 2

1.3. Missions of the ALM department 3

1.3.1. Missions of the ALM department for banks 3

1.3.2. Missions of the ALM department for insurance companies 5

1.4. Conclusion 8

CHAPTER 2. RISKS STUDIED IN ALM 9

2.1. Introduction 9

2.2. Risks studied in a bank in the framework of Basel II and III 9

2.2.1. Main risks for banks 9

2.2.2. From Basel I to Basel III 11

2.3. Stress tests 15

2.3.1. What is a stress test? 15

2.3.2. The stress tests of 2014 16

2.4. Risks studied in an insurance company in the framework of Solvency II 17

2.4.1. Solvency II in a nutshell 17

2.4.2. Focus on the risks 20

2.5. Commonalities and differences between banks and insurance companies’ problems 25

2.5.1. Commonalities 25

2.5.2. Differences 25

2.6. Conclusion 26

CHAPTER 3. DURATIONS (REVISITED) AND SCENARIOS FOR ALM 27

3.1. Introduction 27

3.2. Duration and convexity risk indicators 28

3.3. Scenario on the cash amounts of the flow 32

3.4. Scenario on the time maturities of the flow 34

3.5. Matching asset and liability 36

3.6. Matching with flow scenarios 40

3.7. ALM with the yield curve 43

3.7.1. Yield curve 43

3.7.2. ALM with the equivalent constant rate 44

3.8. Matching with two rates 46

3.9. Equity sensitivity 47

3.9.1. Presentation of the problem 47

3.9.2. Formalization of the problem 48

3.9.3. Time dynamic of asset and liability flows 49

3.9.4. Sensitivity of equities and VaR indicator 51

3.9.5. Duration of equities 52

3.9.6. Special case of the aggregated balance sheet 52

3.9.7. A VaR approach 54

3.10. ALM and management of the bank 58

3.10.1. Basic principles 58

3.10.2. ALM and shares 58

3.10.3. Stochastic duration 66

3.11. Duration of a portfolio 70

3.12. Conclusion 71

CHAPTER 4. BUILDING AND USE OF AN ALM INTERNAL MODEL IN INSURANCE COMPANIES 73

4.1. Introduction 73

4.2. Asset model 74

4.2.1. Equity portfolio 74

4.2.2. Bond portfolio 76

4.2.3. Real estate 82

4.2.4. Central scenario and simulated scenarios 83

4.3. Liability model 84

4.3.1. Model points 85

4.3.2. Mathematical reserves and annual policyholder benefits 87

4.3.3. Annual policyholder benefits and crediting rate 87

4.3.4. Profit sharing 90

4.3.5. Policyholder demography and behavior 91

4.3.6. Other reserves 94

4.3.7. Future new business 96

4.3.8. Fees and business costs 97

4.4. Structure of an ALM study 99

4.4.1. Determinist study 99

4.4.2. Stochastic study 103

4.5. Case study 105

4.5.1. Goal of the study 105

4.5.2. Business plan and other liability inputs 105

4.5.3. Central scenario and other asset inputs 106

4.5.4. Fee and cost hypotheses 107

4.5.5. Step-by-step model 107

4.5.6. The ALM study 109

4.6. Conclusion 114

CHAPTER 5. BUILDING AND USE OF ALM INTERNAL MODELS IN BANKS 115

5.1. Introduction 115

5.2. Case 1: Reduction of gaps 115

5.2.1. Basic numerical data 115

5.2.2. Basic ALM indicators 118

5.2.3. Scenario for loss reduction 119

5.3. Case 2: A stochastic internal model 121

5.3.1. Probability of bankruptcy 121

5.3.2. Presentation of the first model (Model I) 122

5.3.3. Presentation of the model with correlations (Model Ibis) 124

5.3.4. Presentation of the model with correlations and non-negative values for assets and liabilities (Model II)126

5.3.5. Consequences for ALM 131

5.4. Calibration of the models 135

5.4.1. Historical method 135

5.4.2. Scenario generator 139

5.5. Example 139

5.5.1. Model Ibis 139

5.5.2. ALM II 142

5.6. Key points for building internal models 146

5.6.1. How to present an internal model? 146

5.6.2. Validation of the model 147

5.6.3. Partial and global internal models 147

5.7. Conclusion 148

CONCLUSION 149

BIBLIOGRAPHY 151

INDEX 153

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