Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism is an emerging area of basic and clinical research, and has only recently been recognized as a major topic in biomedical research. Approximately 1 in 150 children are diagnosed as autistic, so it is also an intense growth area in behavioral and educational treatments. Financial resources have begun to be raised for more comprehensive research and an increasing number of scientists are becoming involved in autism research. In many respects, autism has become a model for conducting translational research on a psychiatric disorder. This text provides a comprehensive summary of all current knowledge related to the behavioral, experiential, and biomedical features of the autism spectrum disorders including major behavioral and cognitive syndromology, common co-morbid conditions, neuropathology, neuroimmunology, and other neurological correlates such as seizures, allergy and immunology, gastroenterology, infectious disease, and epidemiology. Edited by three leading researchers, this volume contains over 80 chapters and nine shorter commentaries by thought leaders in the field, making the book a virtual "who's who" of autism research. This carefully developed book is a comprehensive and authoritative reference for what we know in this area as well as a guidepost for the next several years in all areas of autism research.

DA: Professor of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Beneto Foundation Chair and Research; Director, The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis
DG: Gordon and Virginia MacDonald Distinguished Professor of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics; Director, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
GD: Chief Science Officer, Autism Speaks and Research Professor at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Introduction: Autism Turns 65: A Neurologist's Bird's Eye View
Isabelle Rapin

Section I: Historical perspective, diagnosis and classification, and epidemiology

1. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Looking Backward and Looking Forward
Michael Rutter
2. Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Katherine Gotham, Somer L. Bishop, and Catherine Lord
3. Asperger's Syndrome: From Asperger to Modern Day
Ami Klin
4. Regression and Other Patterns of Onset
Sally Ozonoff, Kelly Heung, and Meagan Thompson
5. Screening, Risk, and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorders
6. Epidemiology of Pervasive Developmental Disorders
7. Culture and Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Impact on Prevalence and Recognition
Roy Richard Grinker, Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp, and Coleen Boyle

Commentary: Issues in the Classification of Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Patrick Bolton

Section II: Core features and developmental trajectories

8. The Social Behavior of Autism: A Parallel and Distributed Information Processing Perspective
Peter Mundy
9. Language and Communication in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Helen Tager-Flusberg, Lisa Edelson, and Rhiannon Luyster
10. Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Language in Autism
Wouter B. Groen and Jan K. Buitelaar
11. Repetitive Behaviors in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
James W. Bodfish
12. Developmental Features and Trajectories Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infants and Toddlers
Rebecca J. Landa
13. Development from Preschool through School Age
Tony Charman
14. Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Marsha Mailick Seltzer, Jan S. Greenberg, Julie Lounds Taylor, Leann Smith, Gael I. Orsmond, Anna Esbensen, and Jinkuk Hong

Commentary: Issues in Defining the Core Features of Autism through the Lifespan by Katherine A. Loveland

Section III: Psychiatric and medical co-morbidities

15. Intellectual Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cautionary Note
Elisabeth M. Dykens and Miriam Lense
16. Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Bonnie P. Taylor and Eric Hollander
17. Interface between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Behaviors: A Genetic and Developmental Perspective
Suma Jacob, Angeli Landeros-Weisenberger, and James F. Leckman
18. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Angela M. Reiersen and Richard D. Todd
19. Specific Language Impairment
J. Bruce Tomblin, Karla McGregor, and Allison Bean
20. Anxiety and Mood Disorders in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Peter Szatmari and Beth McConnell
21. Stereotypy and Self-Injury
Lindsey Sterling, Annie McLaughlin, and Bryan H. King
22. Motor Functioning and Dyspraxia in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Matthew W. Mosconi, Yukari Takarae, and John A. Sweeney
23. Epilepsy and Electroencephalography in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Roberto Tuchman
24. The Immune System, Autoimmunity, Allergy, and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Paula Goines, Andrew Zimmerman, Paul Ashwood, and Judy Van de Water
25. Gastrointestinal Problems in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Timothy Buie
26. Sleep Problems
Anne E. Porter and Daniel G. Glaze

Commentary: Autism as a Medical Disorder by Christopher Gillberg

Section IV: Broader autism phenotype

27. The Broad Autism Phenotype
Molly Losh, Ralph Adolphs, and Joseph Piven
28. The Biological Broader Autism Phenotype
Janet E. Lainhart and Nicholas Lange
29. Autism as a Quantitative Trait
John N. Constantino

Commentary: The Broader Autism Phenotype: Implications for Research and Clinical Practice by Jeremy R. Parr, Kerstin Wittemeyer, and Ann S. Le Couteur

Section V: Neurobiology

30. Developmental Neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders
John L. R. Rubenstein
31. Neuropathology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Postmortem Studies
Cynthia M. Schumann, Steven C. Noctor, and David G. Amaral
32. Neurotransmitters
Diane C. Chugani
33. Brain Chemistry: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Stephen R. Dager, Neva M. Corrigan, Todd Richards, and Dennis Shaw
34. Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Meera E. Modi and Larry J. Young
35. From Toddlers to Adults: The Changing Landscape of the Brain in Autism
Eric Courchesne, Sara Jane Webb, and Cyndi Schumann
36. Autism as a Developmental Neurobiological Disorder: New Insights from Functional Neuroimaging
Nancy J. Minshew, K. Suzanne Scherf, Marlene Behrmann, and Katherine Humphreys
37.Electrophysiological Research on Autism
Sara Jane Webb, Raphael Bernier, Karen Burner, and Michael Murias

Commentary: Toward a Neurobiology of Autism by Pat Levitt

Section VI: Etiology: Genetics
38. Whole Genome Linkage and Association Analyses
Janine A. Lamb
39. Autism Endophenotypes and Quantitative Trait Loci
Rita M. Cantor
40. Autism Subgroups from a Medical Genetics Perspective
Judith H. Miles
41. Rare Genetic Variants and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Hande Kaymakçalan and Matthew W. State
42. Known and Possible Roles of Epigenetics in Autism
Richard Person, Xinna Zhang, Soeun Kim, Marwan Shinawi, and Arthur L. Beaudet
43. Isolated Populations and Common Variants
Karola Rehnström and Leena Peltonen
44. Isolate Populations and Rare Variation in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Eric M. Morrow and Christopher A. Walsh
45. Rett Syndrome and MECP2-Related Disorders
Jeffrey L. Neul
46. Fragile X: A Molecular and Treatment Model for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Randi J. Hagerman, Vivien Narcisa, and Paul J. Hagerman

Commentary: Autism Genetics and Genomics: A Brief Overview and Synthesis by Daniel H. Geschwind

Section VII Etiology: Environmental factors

47. Environmental Risk Factors in Autism: Results from Large-Scale Epidemiologic Studies
Irva Hertz-Picciotto
48. Environmental Exposures that Increase the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Patricia M. Rodier
49. Autism and Environmental Genomics: Synergistic Systems Approaches to Autism Complexity
Mark A. Corrales and Martha R. Herbert

Section VIII: Animal models and theoretical perspectives

50. Zebrafish as a Tool to Study Autism
Alicia Blaker, Gianluca DeRienzo, and Hazel Sive
51. Behavioral Evaluation of Genetic Mouse Models of Autism
Mu Yang, Maria Luisa Scattoni, Kathryn K. Chadman, Jill L. Silverman, and Jacqueline N. Crawley
52. Modeling Features of Autism in Rodents
Elaine Hsiao, Catherine Bregere, Natalia Malkova, and Paul H. Patterson
53. Nonhuman Primate Models of Autism
Melissa D. Bauman and David G. Amaral
54. Autism as a Disorder of Functional Brain Activity
Rajesh K. Kana and Marcel Adam Just
55. The Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism: The Role of Fetal Androgens
Simon Baron-Cohen, Bonnie Auyeung, Emma Ashwin, and Rebecca Knickmeyer
56. The Mirror Neuron System and Imitation
Marco Iacoboni
57. Information Processing and Integration
Keith J. Yoder and Matthew K. Belmonte

Commentary: Translation between Different Types of Model by Francesca Happé

Section IX: Treatment approaches

58. Applied Behavior Analysis and Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention
Tristram Smith
59. Naturalistic Approaches to Early Behavioral Intervention
Laura Schreibman and Brooke Ingersoll
60. Relationship-Based Early Intervention Approach to Autistic Spectrum Disorders: The DIR Model
Stanley I. Greenspan and Serena Wieder
61. Intervention for Infants and Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Sally J. Rogers and Katherine Wallace
62. Relationships, Independence, and Communication in Autism and Asperger's Disorder
Lynn Kern Koegel, Rosy M. Fredeen, Robert L. Koegel, and C. Enjey Lin
63. Occupational Therapy
Linn Wakeford and Grace T. Baranek
64. Augmentative and Alternative Communication Systems
Marjorie H. Charlop, Alissa L. Greenberg, and Gina T. Chang
65. Positive Behavior Support and Problem Behavior
Edward G. Carr
66. Social Skills Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Connie Kasari and Jill Locke
67. Adolescent Transition to Adulthood and Vocational Issues
Robin Gabriels
68. Family Adaptive Functioning in Autism
Annette Estes, Vanessa Hus, and Lauren Elder
69. Psychopharmacological Treatment of Autism
Kelly Blankenship, Craig A. Erickson, Kimberly A. Stigler, David J. Posey, and Christopher J. McDougle
70. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Identification and Implications of Associated Medical Conditions
Margaret L. Bauman
71. Dietary, Complementary, and Alternative Therapies
Susan L. Hyman and Susan E. Levy
72. The mGluR Theory of Fragile X Syndrome
Dilja D. Krueger and Mark F. Bear

Commentary: Future Directions in the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders by Evdokia Anagnostou, Mark F. Bear, and Geraldine Dawson

Section X: Best practices in the diagnosis and treatment of autism

73. Best Practices: Early Diagnosis and Psychological Assessment
Zachary Warren and Wendy L. Stone
74. Diagnosis and Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Medical Perspective
Daniel L. Coury
75. Best Practice, Policy, and Future Directions: Behavioral and Psychosocial Interventions
Kara Hume and Samuel L. Odom
76. Pharmacotherapy for Autism Spectrum Disorders
James T. McCracken
77. Best Practices: Pediatrics
Mary Catherine Aranda and Sarah J. Spence

Commentary: Bioethical Considerations in Autism Research and Translation: Present and Future by Holly K. Tabor

Section XI: Public policy

78. The Economic Costs of Autism: A Review
Djesika Amendah, Scott D. Grosse, Georgina Peacock, and David S. Mandell
79. Future Directions: Setting Priorities to Guide the Federal Research Effort
Thomas Insel and Susan A. Daniels
80. "To Petition the Government for a Redress of Grievances": Introduction
Peter H. Bell and Craig Snyder
81. Top Priorities for Autism: Asperger's Research: Perspectives from a Person with Autism
Temple Grandin