Backpack Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing
, by Kennedy, X. J.; Gioia, Dana
- ISBN: 9780321968128 | 0321968123
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 1/15/2015
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X. J. Kennedy , after graduation from Seton Hall and Columbia, became a journalist second class in the Navy (“Actually, I was pretty eighth class”). His poems, some published in the New Yorker, were first collected in Nude Descending a Staircase (1961). Since then he has written six more collections, several widely adopted literature and writing textbooks, and seventeen books for children, including two novels. He has taught at Michigan, North Carolina (Greensboro), California (Irvine), Wellesley, Tufts, and Leeds. Cited in Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations and reprinted in some 200 anthologies, his verse has brought him a Guggenheim fellowship, a Lamont Award, a Los Angeles Times Book Prize, an award from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, an Aiken-Taylor prize, the Robert Frost Medal of the Poetry Society of America, and the Award for Poetry for Children from the National Council of Teachers of English. He now lives in Lexington, Massachusetts, where he and his wife Dorothy have collaborated on four books and five children.
Dana Gioia is a poet, critic, and teacher. Born in Los Angeles of Italian and Mexican ancestry, he attended Stanford and Harvard before taking a detour into business. After years of writing and reading late in the evenings after work, he quit a corporate vice presidency to write. He has published four collections of poetry, Daily Horoscope (1986), The Gods of Winter (1991), Interrogations at Noon (2001), which won the American Book Award, and Pity the Beautiful (2012); and three critical volumes, including Can Poetry Matter? (1992), an influential study of poetry’s place in contemporary America. Gioia has taught at Johns Hopkins, Sarah Lawrence, Wesleyan (Connecticut), Mercer, and Colorado College. From 2003-2009 he served as the Chairman of the National Endowments for the Arts. At the NEA he created the largest literary programs in federal history, including Shakespeare in American Communities and Poetry Out Loud, the national high school poetry recitation contest. He also led the campaign to restore active literary reading by creating The Big Read, which helped reverse a quarter century of decline in U.S. reading. He is currently the Judge Widney Professor of Poetry and Public Culture at the University of Southern California.
FICTION
Talking with Amy Tan
1 READING A STORY
THE ART OF FICTION
TYPES OF SHORT FICTION
Sufi Legend, Death Has an Appointment in Samarra
A student tries to flee from Death in this brief, sardonic fable.
Aesop, The North Wind and the Sun
The North Wind and the Sun argue who is stronger and decide to try their powers on an unsuspecting traveler.
Bidpai, The Tortoise and the Geese
A fable that gives another dimension to Andrew Lang’s quip, “He missed an invaluable opportunity to hold his tongue.”
Chuang Tzu , Independence
The Prince of Ch’u asks the philosopher Chuang Tzu to become his advisor and gets a surprising reply in this classic Chinese fable.
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm , Godfather Death
Neither God nor the Devil came to the christening. In this stark folktale, a young man receives magical powers with a string attached.
PLOT
THE SHORT STORY
John Updike , A & P
In walk three girls in nothing but bathing suits, and Sammy finds himself no longer an aproned checkout clerk but an armored knight.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT PLOT
CHECKLIST: Writing About Plot
TOPICS FOR WRITING on plot
TERMS FOR REVIEW
2 POINT OF VIEW
IDENTIFYING POINT OF VIEW
TYPES OF NARRATORS
how much does a narrator know?
STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS
William Faulkner , A Rose for Emily
Proud, imperious Emily Grierson defied the town from the fortress of her mansion. Who could have guessed the secret that lay within?
Edgar Allan Poe , The Tell-Tale Heart
The smoldering eye at last etinguished, a murderer finds that, despite all his attempts at a cover-up, his victim will be heard.
Eudora Welty , Why I Live at the P.O.
Since no one appreciates Sister, she decides to live at the Post Office. After meeting her family, you won’t blame her.
Jamaica Kincaid , Girl
“Try to walk like a lady, and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming.” An old-fashioned mother tells her daughter how to live.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT POINT OF VIEW
CHECKLIST: Writing About Point of View
topics for writing ON POINT OF VIEW
TERMS FOR REVIEW
3 CHARACTER
CHARACTERization
motvation
Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
For sity years Ellen Weatherall has fought back the memory of that terrible day, but now once more the priest waits in the house.
Tobias Wolff , Bullet in the Brain 0
Anders is in line when armed robbers enter the bank, and he can’t help but get involved.
Alice Walker , Everyday Use
When successful Dee visits from the city, she has changed her name to reflect her African roots. Her mother and sister notice other things have changed, too.
Raymond Carver , Cathedral
He had never epected to find himself trying to describe a cathedral to a blind man. He hadn’t even wanted to meet this odd, old friend of his wife.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT CHARACTER
CHECKLIST: Writing About Character
topics for writing ON CHARACTER
TERMS FOR REVIEW
4 SETTING
ELEMENTS OF SETTING
HISTORICAL FICTION
REGIONALISM
NATURALISM
Kate Chopin , The Storm
Even with her husband away, Calita feels happily, securely married. Why then should she not shelter an old admirer from the rain?
Jack London, To Build a Fire
Seventy-five degrees below zero. Alone ecept for one mistrustful wolf dog, a man finds himself battling a relentless force.
Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark
A young man from Buenos Aires is trapped by a flood on an isolated ranch. To pass the time, he reads the Gospel to a family with unforeseen results.
Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets
A young woman flies with her father to China to meet two half sisters she never knew eisted.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT SETTING
CHECKLIST: Writing About Setting
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SETTING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
5 TONE AND STYLE
TONE
STYLE
DICTION
Ernest Hemingway , A Clean, Well-Lighted Place
All by himself each night, the old man lingers in the bright café. What does he need more than brandy?
William Faulkner , Barn Burning
This time when Ab Snopes wields his blazing torch, his son Sarty faces a dilemma: whether to obey or defy the vengeful old man.
IRONY
Guy de Maupassant , The Necklace
A woman enjoys one night of luury—and then spends years of her life paying for it.
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
“There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name.”
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT TONE AND STYLE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone and Style
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE AND STYLE
TERMS FOR REVIEW
6 THEME
PLOT VERSUS THEME
summarizing the THEME
FINDING THE THEME
Chinua Achebe , Dead Men’s Path
The new headmaster of the village school was determined to fight superstition, but the villagers did not agree.
Sandra Cisneros , The House on Mango Street
Does where we live tell what we are? A little girl dreams of a new house, but things don’t always turn out the way we want them to.
Luke, The Parable of the Prodigal Son
A father has two sons. One demands his inheritance now and leaves to spend it with ruinous results.
Kurt Vonnegut Jr ., Harrison Bergeron
Are you handsome? Off with your eyebrows! Are you brainy? Let a transmitter sound thought-shattering beeps inside your ear.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT THEME
CHECKLIST: Writing About Theme
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON THEME
TERMS FOR REVIEW
7 SYMBOL
ALLEGORY
SYMBOLS
RECOGNIZING SYMBOLS
John Steinbeck , The Chrysanthemums
Fenced-in Elisa feels emotionally starved—then her life promises to blossom with the arrival of the scissors-grinding man.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman , The Yellow Wallpaper
A doctor prescribes a “rest cure” for his wife after the birth of their child. The new mother tries to settle in to life in the isolated and mysterious country house they have rented for the summer. The cure proves worse than the disease in this Gothic classic.
Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Omelas is the perfect city. All of its inhabitants are happy. But everyone’s prosperity depends on a hidden evil.
Shirley Jackson, The Lottery
Splintered and faded, the sinister black bo had worked its annual terror for longer than anyone in town could remember.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLS
TERMS FOR REVIEW
8 STORIES FOR FURTHER READING
Sherman Aleie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoeni, Arizona
The only one who can help Victor when his father dies is a childhood friend he’s been avoiding for years.
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings
John and Mary meet. What happens net? This witty eperimental story offers five different outcomes.
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown 0
Urged on through deepening woods, a young Puritan sees—or dreams he sees—good villagers hasten toward a diabolic rite.
O. Henry, The Gift of the Magi
A young husband and wife find ingenious ways to buy each other Christmas presents, in the classic story that defines the word “irony.”
Zora Neale Hurston , Sweat
Delia’s hard work paid for her small house. Now her drunken husband Sykes has promised it to another woman.
Ha Jin , Saboteur 0
When the police unfairly arrest Mr. Chiu, he hopes for justice. After witnessing their brutality, he quietly plans revenge.
James Joyce, Araby
If only he can find her a token, she might love him in return. As night falls, a Dublin boy hurries to make his dream come true.
Franz Kafka, Before the Law
A man from the country comes in search of the Law. He never guesses what will prevent him from finding it, in this modern parable .
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill
Sundays had long brought joy to solitary Miss Brill, until one fateful day when she happened to share a bench with two lovers in the park.
Joyce Carol Oates , Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Alone in the house, Connie finds herself helpless before the advances of Arnold Friend, a spellbinding imitation teenager.
Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried
What each soldier carried into the combat zone was largely determined by necessity, but each man’s necessities differed.
Flannery O’Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Wanted: The Misfit, a cold-blooded killer. An ordinary family vacation leads to horror—and one moment of redeeming grace.
Juan Rulfo , Tell Them Not to Kill Me!
A violent episode from decades past catches up with an old man. Will he be saved from the firing squad?
Virginia Woolf , A Haunted House
Whatever hour you woke, a door was shutting. From room to room the ghostly couple walked, hand in hand.
Poetry
Talking with Kay Ryan
9 READING A POEM
POETRY OR VERSE
HOW TO READ A POEM
Paraphrase
William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree
Lyric Poetry
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers
Narrative Poetry
Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence
Robert Frost, “Out, Out—”
DRAMATIC POETRY
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
DIDACTIC POETRY
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT PARAPHRASING
William Stafford, Ask Me
William Stafford, A Paraphrase of “Ask Me”
CHECKLIST: Writing a Paraphrase
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PARAPHRASING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
10 LISTENING TO A VOICE
TONE
Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz
Stephen Crane, The Wayfarer
Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book
Walt Whitman, To a Locomotive in Winter
Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the Miles
Weldon Kees, For My Daughter
THE SPEAKER IN THE POEM
Natasha Trethewey, White Lies
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Luke Havergal
Anonymous, Dog Haiku
Langston Hughes, Theme for English B
Charlotte Mew, The Farmer’s Bride
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
IRONY
Robert Creeley, Oh No
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Second Fig
Thomas Hardy, The Workbo
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
Amy Uyematsu , Deliberate
Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT TONE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE
TERMS FOR REVIEW
11 WORDS
LITERAL MEANING: WHAT A POEM SAYS FIRST
William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say
DICTION
John Masefield, Cargoes
John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You
THE VALUE OF A DICTIONARY
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Aftermath
Kay Ryan, That Will to Divest
J. V. Cunningham, Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead
Samuel Menashe, Bread
Carl Sandburg, Grass
WORD CHOICE AND WORD ORDER
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia’s Clothes
Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid
Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town
Anonymous, Carnation Milk
Gina Valdés, English con Salsa
William Wordsworth , My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold 0
William Wordsworth , Mutability
Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT DICTION
CHECKLIST: Writing About Diction
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON WORD CHOICE
TERMS FOR REVIEW
12 SAYING AND SUGGESTING
DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
William Blake, London
Wallace Stevens, Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock
Robert Frost, Fire and Ice
Diane Thiel, The Minefield
Rhina Espaillat, Bilingual/Bilingüe
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears
Richard Wilbur, Love Calls Us to the Things of This World
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
CHECKLIST: Writing About What a Poem Says and Suggests
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
TERMS FOR REVIEW
13 IMAGERY
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
Taniguchi Buson, The piercing chill I feel
IMAGERY
T. S. Eliot, The winter evening settles down
Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
Emily Dickinson, A Route of Evanescence
Jean Toomer, Reapers
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty
ABOUT HAIKU
Arakida Moritake, The falling flower
Matsuo Basho, Heat-lightning streak
Matsuo Basho, In the old stone pool
Taniguchi Buson, On the one-ton temple bell
Taniguchi Buson, Moonrise on mudflats
Kobayashi Issa, only one guy
Kobayashi Issa, Cricket
HAIKU FROM JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS
Suiko Matsushita, Rain shower from mountain
Suiko Matsushita, Cosmos in bloom
Hakuro Wada, Even the croaking of frogs
Neiji Ozawa, The war—this year
CONTEMPORARY HAIKU
Nick Virgilio , The Old Neighborhood
Lee Gurga , Visitor’s Room
Jennifer Brutschy, Born Again
Adelle Foley, Learning to Shave
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
John Keats, Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art
Tami Haaland, Lipstick
William Carlos Williams, El Hombre
Li Po, Drinking Alone by Moonlight
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning
Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT IMAGERY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Imagery
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON IMAGERY
TERMS FOR REVIEW
14 FIGURES OF SPEECH
WHY SPEAK FIGURATIVELY?
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?
METAPHOR AND SIMILE
Emily Dickinson, My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Flower in the Crannied Wall
William Blake, To see a world in a grain of sand
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
N. Scott Momaday, Simile
Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home
OTHER FIGURES OF SPEECH
James Stephens, The Wind
Margaret Atwood, You fit into me
Timothy Steele, Epitaph
Dana Gioia, Money
Carl Sandburg, Fog
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
Robert Frost, The Secret Sits
Kay Ryan, Turtle
Emily Brontë, Love and Friendship
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT METAPHORS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Metaphors
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON FIGURES OF SPEECH
TERMS FOR REVIEW
15 SOUND
SOUND AS MEANING
William Butler Yeats, Who Goes with Fergus?
Edgar Allan Poe, from Ulalume
William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
ALLITERATION AND ASSONANCE
Frances Cornford , The Watch
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The splendor falls on castle walls
RIME
Hilaire Belloc, The Hippopotamus
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur
Robert Frost, Desert Places
How to read a POEM ALOUD
Michael Stillman, In Memoriam John Coltrane
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT A POEM’S SOUND
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Poem’s Sound
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SOUND
TERMS FOR REVIEW
16 RHYTHM
STRESSES AND PAUSES
STRESS AND Meaning
line endings
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break
Dorothy Parker, Résumé
METER
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Counting-out Rhyme
A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty
Walt Whitman, Beat! Beat! Drums!
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT RHYTHM
CHECKLIST: Scanning a Poem
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON RHYTHM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
17 CLOSED FORM
the value of form
FORMAL PATTERNS
Ernest Dowson, “Days of Wine and Roses”
John Donne, Song (“Go and catch a falling star”)
ballads
Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan
Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham
THE SONNET
William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Edna St. Vincent Millay, What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why
R. S. Gwynn, Shakespearean Sonnet
Sherman Aleie , The Facebook Sonnet
THE EPIGRAM
Sir John Harrington, Of Treason
Langston Hughes, Two Somewhat Different Epigrams
OTHER FORMS
Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night
Paul Laurence Dunbar , We Wear the Mask 0
Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT A SONNET
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Sonnet
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON closed form
TERMS FOR REVIEW
18 OPEN FORM
Denise Levertov, Ancient Stairway
FREE VERSE
E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill ’s
William Carlos Williams, The Dance
Stephen Crane, The Heart
Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford
Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird
PROSE POETRY
Charles Simic, The Magic Study of Happiness
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
E. E. Cummings, in Just-
Carole Satyamurti, I Shall Paint My Nails Red
Langston Hughes , I, Too
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT FREE VERSE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Line Breaks
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON OPEN FORM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
19 SYMBOL
THE MEANINGS OF A SYMBOL
T. S. Eliot , The Boston Evening Transcript
Emily Dickinson, The Lightning is a yellow Fork
IDENTIFYING SYMBOLS
Thomas Hardy , Neutral Tones
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It
ALLEGORY
Matthew , The Parable of the Good Seed
George Herbert, Redemption
Antonio Machado , Proverbios y Cantares (I)
Translated by Dana Gioia , Traveler
Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken
Christina Rossetti, Up-Hill
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
Mary Oliver, Wild Geese
Lorine Niedecker, Popcorn-can cover
Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLISM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
20 MYTH AND NARRATIVE
The subjects and uses OF MYTH
origins OF MYTH
Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay
William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us
H.D., Helen
ARCHETYPE
Louise Bogan, Medusa
A. E. Stallings, First Love: A Quiz
PERSONAL MYTH
William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming
Diane Thiel, Memento Mori in Middle School
Sylvia Plath, Lady Lazarus
MYTH AND POPULAR CULTURE
Anne Seton, Cinderella
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT MYTH
CHECKLIST: Writing About Myth
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON MYTH
TERMS FOR REVIEW
21 WHAT IS POETRY?
some definitions of poetry
Dante, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Mina Loy, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, José Garcia Villa, Christopher Fry, Elizabeth Bishop, Joy Harjo, Octavio Paz, Denise Levertov, Lucille Clifton, Charles Simic, –
22 POEMS FOR FURTHER READING
Aaron Abeyta, thirteen ways of looking at a tortilla
Kim Addonizio, First Poem for You
Sherman Aleie, The Powwow at the End of the World
Anonymous (Navajo chant), Last Words of the Prophet
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach
W. H. Auden, Musée des Beau Arts
Elizabeth Bishop, One Art
William Blake, The Tyger
Gwendolyn Brooks, the mother
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways
Robert Browning, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister
Charles Bukowski, Dostoevsky
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Quinceanera
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan
Billy Collins, Care and Feeding
Emily Dickinson, Wild Nights – Wild Nights!
Emily Dickinson, I felt a Funeral, in my Brain
Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death
John Donne, Death be not proud
John Donne, The Flea
T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Robert Frost, Mending Wall
Robert Frost, Birches
Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain
Seamus Heaney, Digging
George Herbert, Easter Wings
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover
A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young
Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers
Langston Hughes, Harlem [Dream Deferred]
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
Robinson Jeffers, Fire on the Hills
Ha Jin, Missed Time
Ben Jonson, On My First Son
Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in Childhood
John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale
Philip Larkin, Home is so Sad
D. H. Lawrence, Piano
Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Learning to love America
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
Claude McKay, The Harlem Dancer
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo
John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent
Pablo Neruda, We are Many
Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth
Sylvia Plath, Daddy
Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee
Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy
Christina Rossetti, Song
William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyes
William Shakespeare, My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
Dylan Thomas, Fern Hill
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn’d Astonomer
Walt Whitman, O Captain! My Captain!
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All
William Carlos Williams, Queen-Anne’s-Lace
William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge
James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio
Mary Sidney Wroth, In this strange labyrinth
William Butler Yeats, He wishes for the Cloths of heaven
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium
William Butler Yeats, When You Are Old
DRAMA
Talking with David Ives
23 . READING A PLAY
THEATRICAL CONVENTIONS
Elements of a Play
Susan Glaspell, Trifles
Was Minnie Wright to blame for the death of her husband? While the menfolk try to unravel a mystery, two women in the kitchen turn up revealing clues.
Analyzing Trifles
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT A PLAY
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Play
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON trifles
TERMS FOR REVIEW
24 . MODES OF DRAMA: TRAGEDY AND COMEDY
TRAGEDY
Christopher Marlowe, Scene from Doctor Faustus (Act 2, Scene 1)
In this scene from the classic drama, a brilliant scholar sells his soul to the devil. How smart is that?
COMEDY
Oscar Wilde, Scene from The Importance of Being Earnest (Act 1, Scene 1—Lady Bracknell Interviews Her Daughter’s Suitor)
Lady Bracknell is no softie when interviewing a potential future son-in-law.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT COMEDY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Comedy
TOPICS FOR WRITING ABOUT TRAGEDY
TOPICS FOR WRITING ABOUT COMEDY
TERMS FOR REVIEW
25 . THE THEATER OF SOPHOCLES
THE THEATER OF SOPHOCLES
THE CIVIC ROLE OF GREEK DRAMA
ARISTOTLE’S CONCEPT OF TRAGEDY
SOPHOCLES
THE ORIGINS OF OEDIPUS THE KING
Sophocles, Oedipus the King (Translated by David Grene)
The dark story of Oedipus is considered by many to be the greatest eample of classical Greek tragedy.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT GREEK TRAGEDY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Greek Drama
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SOPHOCLES
TERMS FOR REVIEW
26. THE THEATER OF SHAKESPEARE
THE THEATER OF SHAKESPEARE
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
A NOTE ON OTHELLO
PICTURING OTHELLO
William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice
Here is a story of jealousy, that “green-eyed monster which doth mock / The meat it feeds on”—of a passionate, suspicious man and his blameless wife, of a serpent masked as a friend.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
UNDERSTANDING SHAKESPEARE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Shakespeare
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON shakespeare
27 . THE MODERN THEATER
REALISM
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House (Translated by R. Farquharson Sharp, revised by Viktoria Michelsen)
The founder of modern drama portrays a troubled marriage. Helmer, the bank manager, regards his wife Nora as a “little featherbrain”—not knowing the truth may shatter his smug world.
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie
Painfully shy and retiring, shunning love, Laura dwells in a world as fragile as her collection of tiny figurines—until one memorable night a gentleman comes to call.
Tennessee Williams on Writing, How to Stage The Glass Menagerie
EPERIMENTAL DRAMA
Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer
Nineteen-year-old Margarita Suárez wants to win a Southern California distance swimming race. Is her family behind her? Quite literally!
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
THINKING ABOUT DRAMATIC REALISM
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Realist Play
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON REALISM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
28 . PLAYS FOR FURTHER READING
David Henry Hwang, The Sound of a Voice
A strange man arrives at a solitary woman’s home in the remote countryside. As they fall in love, they discover disturbing secrets about one another’s past.
David Henry Hwang on Writing, Multicultural Theater
Jane Martin, Pomp and Circumstance
The King interviews a musician for the position of court composer
Brighde Mullins, Click
A long-distance phone call leads to darkly comic misunderstandings between this man and woman.
August Wilson, Fences
A proud man’s love for his family is choked by his rigidity and self-righteousness, in this powerful drama by one of the great American playwrights of our time.
WRITING
29 . WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE
READ ACTIVELY
Robert Frost , Nothing Gold Can Stay
PLAN YOUR ESSAY
PREWRITING: GENERATE IDEAS AND ISSUES
Sample Student Prewriting Eercises –
DEVELOP YOUR ARGUMENT
STRENGTHEN YOUR ARGUMENT: RHETORICAL APPEALS
Logical Argumentation and Evidence
Emotional Argumentation
Credibility: Tone, Balance, and Organization
CHECKLIST: Developing an Argument
DRAFT YOUR ARGUMENT
Sample Student Paper , Rough Draft
REVISE YOUR ARGUMENT
CHECKLIST: Revising Your Argument
FINAL ADVICE ON REWRITING
SAMPLE STUDENT ARGUMENT PAPER
Sample Student Paper , Argument
WHAT’S YOUR PURPOSE? COMMON APPROACHES TO WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE
Eplication
Sample Student Paper , Eplication
Analysis
Sample Student Paper, Analysis
Comparison and Contrast
Sample Student Paper , Comparison and Contrast
Response Paper
Sample Student Response Paper
the form of your finished paper
TOPICS FOR WRITING ABOUT FICTION
TOPICS FOR WRITING ABOUT POETRY
TOPICS FOR WRITING ABOUT DRAMA
30 . WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
BROWSE THE RESEARCH
CHOOSE A TOPIC
BEGIN YOUR RESEARCH
Reliable Web Sources
Print Resources
Online Databases
CHECKLIST: Finding Reliable Sources
Visual Images
CHECKLIST: Using Visual Images
EVALUATE YOUR SOURCES
Trustworthy Resources Build Your Paper’s Credibility
CHECKLIST: Evaluating Your Sources
ORGANIZE YOUR RESEARCH
CREATE AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFINE YOUR THESIS
ORGANIZE YOUR PAPER
WRITE AND REVISE
MAINTAIN ACADEMIC INTEGRITY
What Is Plagiarism?
Papers for Sale Are Papers that “Fail”
A Warning Against Internet Plagiarism
ACKNOWLEDGE ALL SOURCES
Using Quotations
Citing Ideas
DOCUMENT SOURCES USING MLA STYLE
List of Sources
Parenthetical References
Works-Cited List
Citing Print Sources in MLA Style
Citing Web Sources in MLA Style
Sample List of Works Cited
Reference Guide for mla Citations
Literary Credits
Photo Credits
Index of Major Themes
Index of Authors and Titles
Index of Literary Terms
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