The Baltic Question during the Cold War

This edited volume presents a comprehensive analysis of the 'Baltic question', which arose within the context of the Cold War, and which has previously received little attention. This volume brings together a group of international specialists on the international history of northern Europe. It combines country-based chapters with more thematic approaches, highlighting above all the political dimension of the Baltic question, locating it firmly in the context of international politics. It explores the policy decision-making mechanisms which sustained the Western non-recognition of Soviet sovereignty over the Baltic States after 1940 and which eventually led to the legal restoration of the three countries' statehood in 1991. The wider international ramifications of this doctrine of legal continuity are also examined, within the context both of the Cold War and of relations between post-soviet Russia and the enlarging 'Euro-Atlantic area'. The book ends with an examination of howthis Cold War legacy continues to shape relations between Russia and the West.

Notes on contributors	p. x
Introduction: the Baltic question and the Cold War	p. 1
The Baltic states and Europe, 1918-1940	p. 7
Great Britain and the Baltic	p. 8
France and the Baltic	p. 13
The limits to entente policy in the Baltic region	p. 15
Germany and the Baltic	p. 16
The USA, Soviet Russia and the Baltic states: from recognition to the Cold War	p. 21
Early US contacts with the Baltic states	p. 23
The US de jure recognition of the Baltic states	p. 24
Baltic states as the factors of the Cold War	p. 28
Roosevelt and the dictators: the origin of the US non-recognition policy of the Soviet annexation of the Baltic states	p. 33
An international trustee and the road from isolation	p. 34
Soviet annexation and the reemergence of the Stimson Doctrine	p. 38
Interest groups and domestic politics	p. 41
Conclusion	p. 42
The politics of a principle: US non-recognition policy before, during and after the recovery of Baltic independence	p. 45
A policy of principle applied	p. 45
A policy put to the test - and maintained	p. 50
Non-recognition policy continues	p. 54
Soviet foreign policy during the Cold War: the Baltic factor	p. 56
Britain and the Baltic states: the late 1940s and the early 1990s	p. 73
French policy towards the Baltic states, 1939-1991: from abandonment to reunion	p. 84
The 1944 Franco-Soviet Pact	p. 85
The fourth Republic and the Baltic states: an inauspicious record	p. 86
Non-recognition of the annexation of the Baltic countries	p. 87
Franco-Soviet relations after 1958	p. 88
Detente takes hold under Pompidou	p. 90
The Helsinki Accords of 1975	p. 90
A change in tone under Mitterrand	p. 93
Ambivalence in Franco-Soviet relations	p. 94
A 'new way of thinking'	p. 95
The train is leaving. Should we get on board?	p. 96
'In aid of victory'	p. 98
West Germany and the Baltic question during the Cold War	p. 100
West Germany's legal position on Baltic annexation	p. 101
The question of official (West) German-Baltic relations, 1950-1954	p. 102
Bonn, Moscow and the Baltic question, 1955-1961	p. 113
Neue Ostpolitik, Helsinki, human rights and the end of the Cold War	p. 120
Conclusions	p. 125
The Estonian Government-in-Exile: a controversial project of state continuation	p. 134
Diplomats and politicians	p. 136
Attempts to create Latvian and Lithuanian governments-in-exile	p. 138
The position of Norway and Sweden	p. 138
The re-established Republic of Estonia and the government-in-exile	p. 139
Emigres, dissidents and international organisations	p. 144
Between political rhetoric and Realpolitik calculations: Western diplomacy and the Baltic independence struggle in the Cold War endgame	p. 156
From internal to international problem: reforms, people power and legal aspects	p. 158
The Baltic struggle in the shadow of the German question, 1989/1990	p. 162
The Lithuanian April crisis, the 2+4 process and superpower relations	p. 168
Bloodshed in Vilnius and the disintegration of the USSR	p. 174
Conclusions	p. 180
The end of the 'Baltic question'? The Baltic states, Russia and the West in the post-Cold War era	p. 189
Index	p. 204
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The Baltic Question during the Cold War

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