Biochemistry (with BiochemistryNOW™)

, by Campbell, Mary K.; Farrell, Shawn O.

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780534405212 | 0534405215
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/14/2005

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Campbell and Farrell's BIOCHEMISTRY, Fifth Edition continues to lead the way in currency, clarity, and innovation. This text has been revised to reflect the latest developments in biotechnology, genomics and proteins, while retaining its successful approach to connecting biochemistry to students' lives. Complete text/media integration through BiochemistryNow„·, a web-based tutorial resource, is also available with this edition.

Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells

(33)

What Are the Basic Themes for This Text?

(1)

What Is the Chemical Nature of Important Biomolecules?

(3)

What Can Biochemistry Say about Possible Origins of Life?

(9)

The Earth and Its Age

(2)

Biomolecules

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Structure and Function of Biomolecules

(2)

Molecules to Cells

(4)

How Do Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Differ in Levels of Organization?

(1)

What Are the Main Structural Features of Prokaryotic Cells?

(1)

What Are the Main Structural Features of Eukaryotic Cells?

(5)

Important Organelles

(3)

Other Organelles and Cellular Constituents

(2)

How Do We Classify Organisms: Five Kingdoms or Three Domains?

(3)

Biochemical Connections: Extremophiles: The Toast of the Biotechnology Industry

(1)

Is There Common Ground for All Cells?

(2)

How Do Cells Use Energy?

(1)

What Is the Connection between Energy and Change?

(1)

What Is the Criterion for Spontaneity in Biochemical Reactions?

(1)

What Is the Connection between Thermodynamics and Life?

(6)

Biochemical Connections: Entropy and Probability

(1)

Summary

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

(3)

Annotated Bibliography

(1)

Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions

(24)

What Makes Water a Polar Molecule?

(4)

Solvent Properties of Water

(3)

What Is a Hydrogen Bond?

(4)

Biologically Important Hydrogen Bonds Other Than to Water Molecules

(1)

Biochemical Connections: The Importance of the Hydrogen Bond

(1)

What Are Acids and Bases?

(1)

What Is pH, and What Does It Have to Do with the Properties of Water?

(3)

Monitoring Acidity

(2)

What Are Titration Curves?

(2)

What Are Buffers, and Why Are They Important?

(10)

How We Make Buffers

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Buffer Selection

(1)

Buffer Systems of Physiological Importance

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Some Physiological Consequences of Blood Buffering

(1)

Summary

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

(2)

Annotated Bibliography

(1)

Amino Acids and Peptides

(22)

What Are Amino Acids, and What Is Their Three-Dimensional Structure?

(1)

What Are the Structures and Properties of the Individual Amino Acids?

(6)

Group 1---Amino Acids with Nonpolar Side Chains

(3)

Group 2---Amino Acids with Electrically Neutral Polar Side Chains

(1)

Group 3---Amino Acids with Carboxyl Groups in Their Side Chains

(1)

Group 4---Amino Acids with Basic Side Chains

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Amino Acids and Neurotransmitters

(1)

Uncommon Amino Acids

(1)

Do Amino Acids Have Specific Acid-Base Properties?

(3)

What Is the Peptide Bond?

(4)

Biochemical Connections: Amino Acid Functions Other Than in Peptides

(2)

Are Small Peptides Physiologically Active?

(8)

Biochemical Connections: Aspartame, the Sweet Peptide

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Phenylketonuria and Inborn Errors of Metabolism

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Peptide Hormones

(1)

Summary

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

(1)

Annotated Bibliography

(2)

The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

(33)

How Does the Structure of Proteins Determine Their Function?

(1)

Levels of Structure in Proteins

(1)

What Is the Primary Structure of Proteins?

(1)

What Is the Secondary Structure of Proteins?

(11)

Biochemical Connections: Complete Proteins and Nutrition

(1)

Periodic Structures in Protein Backbones

(1)

The α-Helix

(2)

The β-Sheet

(1)

Irregularities in Regular Structures

(1)

Supersecondary Structures and Domains

(4)

The Collagen Triple Helix

(1)

Two Types of Protein Conformations: Fibrous and Globular

(1)

What Can We Say about the Thermodynamics of Protein Folding?

(3)

Hydrophobic Interactions: A Case Study in Thermodynamics

(2)

What Is the Tertiary Structure of Proteins?

(6)

Myoglobin: An Example of Protein Structure

(2)

Denaturation and Refolding

(2)

Can We Predict Protein Folding from Sequence?

101

(3)

Protein-Folding Chaperones

102

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Prions

103

(1)

What Is the Quaternary Structure of Proteins?

104

(9)

Hemoglobin

104

(1)

Conformational Changes That Accompany Hemoglobin Function

105

(5)

Summary

110

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

110

(2)

Annotated Bibliography

112

(1)

Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques

113

(18)

How Do We Extract Pure Proteins from Cells?

113

(3)

Isolation of Proteins from Cells

113

(3)

What Is Column Chromatography?

116

(5)

What Is Electrophoresis?

121

(1)

How Do We Determine the Primary Structure of a Protein?

122

(9)

Cleavage of the Protein into Peptides

124

(2)

Sequencing of Peptides: The Edman Method

126

(2)

Summary

128

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

128

(2)

Annotated Bibliography

130

(1)

The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes

131

(25)

What Makes Enzymes Such Effective Biological Catalysts?

131

(1)

What Is the Difference between the Kinetic and the Thermodynamic Aspects of Reactions?

131

(3)

Biochemical Connections: Enzymes as Markers for Disease

133

(1)

How Can We Describe Enzyme Kinetics in Mathematical Terms?

134

(1)

How Do Substrates Bind to Enzymes?

135

(2)

What Are Some Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions?

137

(2)

What Is the Michaelis--Menten Approach to Enzyme Kinetics?

139

(7)

Linearizing the Michaelis--Menten Equation

142

(2)

Significance of KM and Vmax

144

(2)

How Do Enzymatic Reactions Respond to Inhibitors?

146

(10)

Kinetics of Competitive Inhibition

146

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Practical Information from Kinetic Data

147

(2)

Kinetics of Noncompetitive Inhibition

149

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Enzyme Inhibition in the Treatment of AIDS

151

(1)

Summary

152

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

152

(2)

Annotated Bibliography

154

(2)

The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes, Mechanisms, and Control

156

(28)

Does the Michaelis--Menten Model Describe the Behavior of Allosteric Enzymes?

156

(4)

Control Mechanisms That Affect Allosteric Enzymes

157

(3)

What Are the Models for the Behavior of Allosteric Enzymes?

160

(4)

The Concerted Model for Allosteric Behavior

160

(3)

The Sequential Model for Allosteric Behavior

163

(1)

How Does Phosphorylation of Specific Residues Regulate Enzyme Activity?

164

(2)

What Are Zymogens, and How Do They Control Enzyme Activity?

166

(1)

Some of the Processes Involved in Blood Clotting

167

(1)

How Do Active-Site Events of an Enzyme Affect the Reaction Mechanism?

167

(5)

Determining the Essential Amino Acid Residues

168

(1)

The Architecture of the Active Site

169

(1)

The Mechanism of Chymotrypsin Action

170

(2)

What Types of Chemical Reactions Are Involved in Enzyme Mechanisms?

172

(4)

Biochemical Connections: Enzymes Catalyze Familiar Reactions of Organic Chemistry

173

(3)

Biochemical Connections: Families of Enzymes: Proteases

176

(1)

What Is the Connection between the Active Site and Transition States?

176

(2)

What Are Coenzymes?

178

(6)

Biochemical Connections: Catalytic Antibodies against Cocaine

179

(2)

Summary

181

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

181

(2)

Annotated Bibliography

183

(1)

Lipids and Proteins Are Associated in Biological Membranes

184

(31)

What Is the Definition of a Lipid?

184

(1)

What Are the Chemical Natures of the Lipid Types?

184

(7)

Fatty Acids

184

(2)

Triacylglycerols

186

(1)

Phosphoacylglycerols (Phospholipids)

187

(2)

Waxes

189

(1)

Sphingolipids

189

(1)

Glycolipids

189

(1)

Steroids

189

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Myelin and Multiple Sclerosis

190

(1)

What Is the Nature of Biological Membranes?

191

(5)

Lipid Bilayers

192

(3)

Biochemical Connections: Butter Versus Margarine---Which Is Healthier?

195

(1)

What Are Some Common Types of Membrane Proteins?

196

(1)

What Is the Fluid-Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure?

197

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Membranes in Medicine

198

(1)

What Are Some of the Functions of Membranes?

199

(4)

Membrane Transport

199

(3)

Membrane Receptors

202

(1)

Which Are the Lipid-Soluble Vitamins, and What Are Their Functions?

203

(6)

Vitamin A

203

(2)

Vitamin D

205

(1)

Vitamin E

206

(1)

Biochemical Connections: The Chemistry of Vision

207

(1)

Vitamin K

208

(1)

What Are Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes, and What Do They Have to Do with Lipids?

209

(6)

Biochemical Connections: Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Platelets in Heart Disease

212

(1)

Summary

212

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

213

(1)

Annotated Bibliography

214

(1)

Nucleic Acids: How Structure Conveys Information

215

(25)

What Are the Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids?

215

(1)

What Is the Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides?

216

(4)

Biochemical Connections: The DNA Family Tree

220

(1)

What Is the Structure of DNA?

220

(8)

Secondary Structure of DNA: The Double Helix

220

(2)

Conformational Variations in DNA

222

(3)

Tertiary Structure of DNA: Supercoiling

225

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Triple-Helical DNA: A Tool for Drug Design

226

(1)

Supercoiling in Prokaryotic DNA

226

(2)

Supercoiling in Eukaryotic DNA

228

(1)

How Does the Denaturation of DNA Take Place?

228

(3)

Biochemical Connections: The Human Genome Project: Prospects and Possibilities

230

(1)

What Are the Principal Kinds of RNA and Their Structures?

231

(9)

Transfer RNA

233

(1)

Ribosomal RNA

234

(2)

Messenger RNA

236

(1)

Small Nuclear RNA

236

(1)

RNA Interference

237

(1)

Summary

237

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

237

(2)

Annotated Bibliography

239

(1)

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids: Replication

240

(24)

What Is the Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell?

240

(1)

What Are the General Considerations in the Replication of DNA?

241

(3)

Semiconservative Replication

242

(1)

Bidirectional Replication

243

(1)

How Does the DNA Polymerase Reaction Take Place?

244

(4)

One Strand of DNA Is Synthesized Semidiscontinuously

244

(1)

DNA Polymerase from E. coli

244

(4)

Which Proteins Are Required for DNA Replication?

248

(2)

Unwinding the Double Helix

248

(1)

The Primase Reaction

248

(1)

Synthesis and Linking of New DNA Strands

249

(1)

How Do Proofreading and Repair Take Place?

250

(5)

Biochemical Connections: Why Does DNA Contain Thymine and Not Uracil?

251

(4)

Biochemical Connections: The SOS Response in E. coli

255

(1)

How Is DNA Replicated in Eukaryotes?

255

(9)

Cell-Cycle Control of Replication

256

(1)

Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases

256

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Telomerase and Cancer

258

(2)

The Eukaryotic Replication Fork

260

(1)

Summary

261

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

262

(1)

Annotated Bibliography

263

(1)

Transcription of the Genetic Code: The Biosynthesis of RNA

264

(37)

How Does Transcription Take Place in Prokaryotes?

264

(6)

RNA Polymerase in Escherichia coli

264

(2)

Promoter Structure

266

(1)

Chain Initiation

267

(1)

Chain Elongation

267

(1)

Chain Termination

268

(2)

How Is Transcription Regulated in Prokaryotes?

270

(8)

Alternative σ Factors

270

(1)

Enhancers

271

(1)

Operons

272

(3)

Transcription Attenuation

275

(3)

How Does Transcription Take Place in Eukaryotes?

278

(5)

Structure of RNA Polymerase II

278

(1)

Pol II Promoters

279

(1)

Initiation of Transcription

280

(3)

Elongation and Termination

283

(1)

How Is Transcription Regulated in Eukaryotes?

283

(5)

Biochemical Connections: TFIIH---Making the Most Out of the Genome

284

(1)

Enhancers and Silencers

285

(1)

Response Elements

285

(3)

Biochemical Connections: CREB---The Most Important Protein You Have Never Heard Of?

288

(1)

What Are Some Structural Motifs in DNA-Binding Proteins?

288

(3)

DNA-Binding Domains

288

(1)

Helix--Turn--Helix Motifs

288

(2)

Zinc Fingers

290

(1)

Basic-Region Leucine Zipper Motif

290

(1)

Transcription-Activation Domains

291

(1)

How Is RNA Modified after Transcription?

291

(6)

Transfer RNA and Ribosomal RNA

291

(2)

Messenger RNA

293

(1)

The Splicing Reaction: Lariats and Snurps

294

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Lupus: An Autoimmune Disease Involving RNA Processing

296

(1)

Alternative RNA Splicing

296

(1)

How Does RNA Act as an Enzyme?

297

(4)

Summary

298

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

298

(1)

Annotated Bibliography

299

(2)

Protein Synthesis: Translation of the Genetic Message

301

(29)

What Is the Overall Process of Translating the Genetic Message?

301

(1)

What Is the Genetic Code?

302

(5)

Codon--Anticodon Pairing and Wobble

304

(3)

What Is the Role of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases in Amino Acid Activation?

307

(2)

How Does Translation Take Place in Prokaryotes?

309

(11)

Ribosomal Architecture

309

(1)

Chain Initiation

309

(2)

Chain Elongation

311

(4)

Chain Termination

315

(2)

Biochemical Connections: The 21st Amino Acid?

317

(1)

The Ribosome Is a Ribozyme

318

(1)

Polysomes

318

(2)

How Does Translation Take Place in Eukaryotes?

320

(3)

Chain Initiation

320

(1)

Chain Elongation

321

(1)

Chain Termination

322

(1)

Coupled Transcription and Translation in Eukaryotes?

323

(1)

How Does Posttranslational Modification of Proteins Take Place?

323

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Molecular Chaperones: Preventing Unsuitable Associations

324

(1)

How Are Proteins Degraded?

325

(5)

Biochemical Connections: How Do We Adapt to High Altitude?

326

(1)

Summary

327

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

328

(1)

Annotated Bibliography

329

(1)

Nucleic Acid Biotechnology Techniques

330

(42)

How Do We Purify and Detect Nucleic Acids?

330

(2)

Separation Techniques

330

(1)

Detection Methods

331

(1)

What Makes Restriction Endonucleases an Important Tool for DNA Research?

332

(2)

Many Restriction Endonucleases Produce ``Sticky Ends''

333

(1)

What Is Cloning?

334

(8)

Using ``Sticky Ends'' to Construct Recombinant DNA

334

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Restriction Endonucleases: ``Molecular Scissors''

335

(7)

What Is Genetic Engineering, and Why Do We Do It?

342

(7)

DNA Recombination Occurs in Nature

342

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Genetic Engineering in Agriculture

343

(1)

Bacteria as ``Protein Factories''

344

(1)

Protein Expression Vectors

345

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Human Proteins through Genetic Recombination Techniques

347

(1)

Genetic Engineering in Eukaryotes

347

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Fusion Proteins and Fast Purifications

348

(1)

What Are DNA Libraries?

349

(3)

Finding an Individual Clone in a DNA Library

351

(1)

What Is the Polymerase Chain Reaction?

352

(3)

Biochemical Connections: Forensic Uses of DNA Testing

354

(1)

What Is Site-Directed Mutagenesis?

355

(2)

What Is DNA Fingerprinting?

357

(2)

Restriction-Fragment Length Polymorphisms: A Powerful Method for Forensic Analysis

358

(1)

How Can We Study DNA-Protein Interactions?

359

(2)

What Are Some Methods for Studying Transcription?

361

(4)

Biochemical Connections: DNA Chips---Robotic Technology Meets Biochemistry

363

(1)

Biochemical Connections: RNA Interference---The Newest Way to Study Genes

364

(1)

How Do We Determine the Base Sequences of Nucleic Acids?

365

(1)

How Can We Use Bioinformatics to Study Genomics and Proteomics?

366

(6)

Summary

369

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

369

(2)

Annotated Bibliography

371

(1)

Hot Topics in Cell and Molecular Biology

372

(42)

What Are Viruses?

372

(7)

Virus Structure

373

(1)

Families of Viruses

373

(1)

Virus Life Cycles

374

(4)

Viral Attachment

378

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Influenza---The Virus That Won't Go Away

378

(1)

What Virus Causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?

379

(1)

What Is Unique about Retroviruses?

380

(1)

How Are Viruses Used in Gene Therapy?

381

(3)

How Does the Immune System Defend the Body?

384

(12)

Innate Immunity---The Front Lines of Defense

385

(2)

Acquired Immunity: Cellular Aspects

387

(1)

T-Cell Functions

387

(3)

T-Cell Memory

390

(1)

The Immune System: Molecular Aspects

391

(2)

Biochemical Connections: A Carbohydrate-Based Anticancer Vaccine

393

(1)

Distinguishing Self from Nonself

394

(2)

How Does Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cause AIDS?

396

(5)

HIV Confounds Our Immune Systems

398

(1)

The Search for a Vaccine

398

(2)

Antiviral Therapy

400

(1)

Antibodies Get a Second Chance

400

(1)

The Future of Antibody Research

401

(1)

Why Are Stem Cells Special?

401

(2)

History of Stem-Cell Research

401

(1)

Stem Cells Offer Hope

402

(1)

What Is the Biochemistry of Cancer?

403

(11)

The Mark of a Cancer Cell

403

(1)

What Causes Cancer?

404

(1)

Oncogenes

404

(2)

Tumor Suppressors

406

(1)

Viruses and Cancer

407

(1)

Biochemical Connections: If It Isn't One Thing, It's Another

407

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Viruses Helping Cure Cancer

408

(2)

Summary

410

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

411

(1)

Annotated Bibliography

412

(2)

The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in Metabolism

414

(20)

What Are Standard States for Free-Energy Changes?

414

(1)

What Is a Modified Standard State for Biochemical Applications?

415

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Biochemical Thermodynamics

416

(1)

What Is Metabolism?

417

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Living Things Are Unique Thermodynamic Systems

418

(1)

How Are Oxidation and Reduction Involved in Metabolism?

418

(2)

How Are Coenzymes Used in Biologically Important Oxidation--Reduction Reactions?

420

(2)

How Are Production and Use of Energy Coupled?

422

(5)

How Is Coenzyme A Involved in Activation of Metabolic Pathways?

427

(7)

Summary

430

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

431

(2)

Annotated Bibliography

433

(1)

Carbohydrates

434

(29)

What Are the Structures and the Stereochemistry of Monosaccharides?

434

(6)

Cyclic Structures: Anomers

437

(3)

How Do Monosaccharides React?

440

(8)

Oxidation--Reduction Reactions

440

(2)

Esterification Reactions

442

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Vitamin C Is Related to Sugars

443

(1)

The Formation of Glycosides

443

(3)

Other Derivatives of Sugars

446

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Glycosides, Fruits, and Flowers

447

(1)

What Are Some Important Oligosaccharides?

448

(1)

What Are the Structures and Functions of Polysaccharides?

449

(9)

Biochemical Connections: Lactose Intolerance

450

(1)

Cellulose and Starch

451

(1)

The Forms of Starch

451

(2)

Glycogen

453

(1)

Chitin

454

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Dietary Fiber

454

(1)

The Role of Polysaccharides in the Structure of Cell Walls

455

(3)

Glycosaminoglycans

458

(1)

What Are Glycoproteins?

458

(5)

Biochemical Connections: Low-Carbohydrate Diets

459

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Glycoproteins and Blood Transfusions

459

(1)

Summary

460

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

460

(2)

Annotated Bibliography

462

(1)

Glycolysis

463

(24)

What Is the Overall Pathway in Glycolysis?

463

(4)

A Summary of the Reactions of Glycolysis

464

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Louis Pasteur

466

(1)

How Is the 6-Carbon Glucose Converted to the 3-Carbon Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate?

467

(5)

How Is Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Converted to Pyruvate?

472

(7)

Control Points in the Glycolytic Pathway

478

(1)

How Is Pyruvate Metabolized Anaerobically?

479

(4)

The Conversion of Pyruvate to Lactate in Muscle

479

(2)

Alcoholic Fermentation

481

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Anaerobic Metabolism and Tooth Decay

481

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

483

(1)

How Much Energy Can Be Produced by Glycolysis?

483

(4)

Summary

484

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

485

(1)

Annotated Bibliography

486

(1)

Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism

487

(24)

How Is Glycogen Produced and Degraded?

487

(8)

Breakdown of Glycogen

487

(2)

Formation of Glycogen from Glucose

489

(2)

Control of Glycogen Metabolism: A Case Study in Control Mechanisms

491

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Glycogen Loading

493

(2)

How Does Gluconeogenesis Produce Glucose from Pyruvate?

495

(4)

Oxaloacetate Is an Intermediate in the Production of Phosphoenolpyruvate in Gluconeogenesis

495

(3)

The Role of Sugar Phosphates in Gluconeogenesis

498

(1)

How Is Carbohydrate Metabolism Controlled?

499

(5)

Control of Phosphofructokinase and Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

499

(4)

Control of Pyruvate Kinase

503

(1)

Control of Hexokinase

503

(1)

Why Is Glucose Sometimes Diverted through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

504

(7)

Oxidative Reactions of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

504

(1)

Nonoxidative Reactions of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

504

(2)

Control of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

506

(2)

Biochemical Connections: The Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Hemolytic Anemia

508

(1)

Summary

509

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

509

(1)

Annotated Bibliography

510

(1)

The Citric Acid Cycle

511

(29)

What Role Does the Citric Acid Cycle Play in Metabolism?

511

(1)

What Is the Overall Pathway of the Citric Acid Cycle?

512

(3)

How Is Pyruvate Converted to Acetyl-CoA?

515

(3)

What Are the Individual Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle?

518

(7)

Biochemical Connections: Plant Poisons and the Citric Acid Cycle

520

(5)

What Are the Energetics of the Citric Acid Cycle, and How Is It Controlled?

525

(3)

Control of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

526

(1)

Control of the Citric Acid Cycle Proper

527

(1)

What Is the Glyoxylate Cycle?

528

(1)

What Role Does the Citric Acid Cycle Play in Catabolism?

529

(2)

What Role Does the Citric Acid Cycle Play in Anabolism?

531

(5)

Biochemical Connections: Anaplerotic Reactions

532

(1)

Lipid Anabolism

532

(2)

Anabolism of Amino Acids and Other Metabolites

534

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Acetyl-CoA

534

(2)

Why Isn't Oxygen Part of the Equation?

536

(4)

Biochemical Connections: Why Is It So Hard to Lose Weight?

536

(1)

Summary

537

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

537

(2)

Annotated Bibliography

539

(1)

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

540

(28)

What Role Does Electron Transport Play in Metabolism?

540

(2)

What Are the Reduction Potentials for the Electron Transport Chain?

542

(2)

How Are the Electron Transport Complexes Organized?

544

(8)

Cytochromes and Other Iron-Containing Proteins of Electron Transport

550

(2)

What Is the Connection between Electron Transport and Phosphorylation?

552

(2)

What Is the Mechanism of Coupling in Oxidative Phosphorylation?

554

(3)

Chemiosmotic Coupling

554

(3)

Conformational Aspects of Coupling

557

(1)

How Are Respiratory Inhibitors Used to Study Electron Transport?

557

(4)

Biochemical Connections: Brown Adipose Tissue: A Case of Useful Inefficiency

558

(3)

What Are Shuttle Mechanisms?

561

(1)

What Is the ATP Yield from Complete Oxidation of Glucose?

562

(6)

Biochemical Connections: Sports and Metabolism

563

(2)

Summary

565

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

565

(2)

Annotated Bibliography

567

(1)

Lipid Metabolism

568

(36)

How Are Lipids Involved in the Generation and Storage of Energy?

568

(1)

How Are Lipids Catabolized?

568

(5)

What Is the Energy Yield from the Oxidation of Fatty Acids?

573

(3)

How Are Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids Catabolized?

576

(1)

What Are Ketone Bodies?

577

(3)

Biochemical Connections: Ketone Bodies and Effective Weight Loss

579

(1)

How Are Fatty Acids Produced?

580

(6)

How Are Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids Produced?

586

(6)

Biochemical Connections: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase---A New Target in the Fight against Obesity?

587

(1)

Triacylglycerols

587

(1)

Phosphoacylglycerols

587

(2)

Sphingolipids

589

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Tay-Sachs Disease

591

(1)

How Is Cholesterol Produced?

592

(12)

Cholesterol Is a Precursor of Other Steroids

597

(2)

The Role of Cholesterol in Heart Disease

599

(2)

Summary

601

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

602

(1)

Annotated Bibliography

603

(1)

Photosynthesis

604

(25)

Where Does Photosynthesis Take Place in the Cell?

604

(4)

Biochemical Connections: The Relationship between Wavelength and Energy of Light

608

(1)

How Are Photosystems I and II Involved in the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis?

608

(7)

Photosystem II: Water Is Split to Produce Oxygen

609

(3)

Photosystem I: Reduction of NADP+

612

(1)

Cyclic Electron Transport in Photosystem I

612

(1)

Structure of a Photosystem

613

(2)

How Does Photosynthesis Produce ATP?

615

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Some Herbicides Inhibit Photosynthesis

616

(1)

What Are the Evolutionary Implications of Photosynthesis with and without Oxygen?

617

(2)

How Do the Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis Fix CO2 into Glucose?

619

(4)

Production of Six-Carbon Sugars

621

(1)

Regeneration of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate

621

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Chloroplast Genes

623

(1)

How Is CO2 Fixed in Tropical Plants?

623

(6)

Summary

626

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

626

(2)

Annotated Bibliography

628

(1)

The Metabolism of Nitrogen

629

(33)

What Processes Constitute Nitrogen Metabolism?

629

(2)

How Is Nitrogen Incorporated into Biologically Useful Compounds?

631

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Nitrogen Fertilizers

631

(2)

What Role Does Feedback Inhibition Play in Nitrogen Metabolism?

633

(1)

How Are Amino Acids Synthesized?

634

(9)

General Features

634

(1)

Transamination Reactions: The Role of Glutamate and Pyridoxal Phosphate

635

(3)

One-Carbon Transfers and the Serine Family

638

(5)

What Are the Essential Amino Acids?

643

(1)

How Are Amino Acids Catabolized?

643

(5)

Disposition of the Carbon Skeletons

643

(1)

Excretion of Excess Nitrogen

644

(1)

The Urea Cycle

644

(2)

Biochemical Connections: Water and the Disposal of Nitrogen Wastes

646

(2)

How Are Purines Synthesized?

648

(3)

Anabolism of Inosine Monophosphate

648

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Chemotherapy and Antibiotics---Taking Advantage of the Need for Folic Acid

649

(1)

The Conversion of IMP to AMP and GMP

649

(2)

Energy Requirements for Production of AMP and GMP

651

(1)

How Are Purines Catabolized?

651

(3)

Biochemical Connections: Lesch--Nyhan Syndrome

653

(1)

How Are Pyrimidines Synthesized and Catabolized?

654

(3)

The Anabolism of Pyrimidine Nucleotides

654

(2)

Pyrimidine Catabolism

656

(1)

How Are Ribonucleotides Converted to Deoxyribonucleotides?

657

(1)

How Is dUDP Converted to dTTP?

658

(4)

Summary

659

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

659

(2)

Annotated Bibliography

661

(1)

Integration of Metabolism: Cellular Signaling

662

How Are the Metabolic Pathways Connected?

662

(1)

How Can Biochemistry Help Us Understand Nutrition?

663

(7)

Required Nutrients

663

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Alcohol Consumption and Addiction

664

(3)

The Food Pyramid

667

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Iron: An Example of a Mineral Requirement

667

(3)

Obesity

670

(1)

What Are Hormones and Second Messengers?

670

(10)

Hormones

670

(4)

Second Messengers

674

(1)

Cyclic AMP and G Proteins

674

(3)

Calcium Ion as a Second Messenger

677

(2)

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

679

(1)

Biochemical Connections: Small G Proteins and the Ras Family

680

(1)

How Are Hormones Involved in the Control of Metabolism?

680

(4)

Biochemical Connections: Insulin and Low-Carbohydrate Diets

682

(2)

What Are the Many Effects of Insulin?

684

Insulin Structure

684

(1)

Insulin Receptors

684

(1)

Insulin's Effect on Glucose Uptake

684

(1)

Insulin Affects Many Enzymes

684

(1)

Diabetes

685

(1)

Insulin and Sports

686

(1)

Biochemical Connections: A Workout a Day Keeps Diabetes Away?

686

(1)

Summary

687

(1)

Critical Questions to Review

687

(2)

Annotated Bibliography

689

Glossary

(1)

Answers to Questions

(1)

Index

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Biochemistry (with BiochemistryNOW™)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials