Biofuels Refining and Performance

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ISBN: 9780071489706 | 0071489703
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/7/2008

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Market: chemical engineers, agricultural and biological engineers, and mechanical engineers Covers safe handling and storage methods The rising cost of oil and its future scarcity have made biofuels a hot-button topic Features an international team of authors

Contributors	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Energy and Its Biological Resources	p. 1
Energy (Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow)	p. 1
Energy	p. 5
Thermodynamics	p. 5
Energy-Dependent Ecosystems	p. 7
Photosynthetic factors	p. 8
Bioenergy	p. 9
Biological Energetics	p. 11
Chemical Cell	p. 16
Models of Bioenergy Cells	p. 18
Oxidative phosphorylation path	p. 19
Photosynthetic path	p. 19
A Living Cell Is an Ideal Cell	p. 21
Plant Cells Are Unique	p. 22
Photosynthetic bacteria	p. 25
Biofuels	p. 25
Heterocystous blue-green algae (example, Anabaena cylindrica)	p. 26
Photofermentation by photosynthetic bacteria (example, Rhodospirillium rubrum)	p. 26
Methane production	p. 27
Plant Hydrocarbons	p. 27
Biogas	p. 28
Gobargas	p. 30
Biomass, Gasification, and Pyrolysis	p. 34
Biomass	p. 34
Gasification and pyrolysis	p. 34
Bioluminescence	p. 35
Hydrogen	p. 37
Microbial conversion	p. 38
References	p. 43
Photosynthetic Plants as Renewable Energy Sources	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Mechanism and Efficiency of Photosynthesis in Plants	p. 46
Photosynthetic Process	p. 47
Hill reaction (light reaction)	p. 48
Blackman's reaction (dark reaction)	p. 49
Efficiency of photosynthesis	p. 49
Plant Types and Growing Cycles	p. 52
Harvesting Plants for Bioenergy	p. 60
Products	p. 61
Gaseous products	p. 62
Liquid products	p. 62
Solid products	p. 63
References	p. 66
Bioethanol: Market and Production Processes	p. 69
Introduction	p. 69
Global Market of Bioethanol and Future Prospects	p. 69
Overall Process of Bioethanol Production	p. 72
Production of Sugars from Raw Materials	p. 73
Sugar solution from starchy materials	p. 73
Acid hydrolysis of starch	p. 74
Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch	p. 75
Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials	p. 76
Cellulose	p. 76
Hemicellulose	p. 77
Lignin	p. 77
Sugar Solution from Lignocellulosic Materials	p. 77
Chemical hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials	p. 78
Pretreatment prior to enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials	p. 80
Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials	p. 81
Basic Concepts of Fermentation	p. 82
Conversion of Simple Sugars to Ethanol	p. 83
Biochemical Basis of Ethanol Production from Hexoses	p. 83
Chemical Basis of Ethanol Production from Pentoses	p. 85
Microorganisms Related to Ethanol Fermentation	p. 86
Yeasts	p. 86
Bacteria	p. 87
Filamentous fungi	p. 88
Fermentation Process	p. 89
Batch processes	p. 90
Fed-batch processes	p. 91
Continuous processes	p. 92
Series-arranged continuous flow fermentation	p. 94
Strategies for fermentation of enzymatic lignocellulosic hydrolyzates	p. 95
Separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF)	p. 95
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)	p. 96
Comparison between enzymatic and acid hydrolysis for lignocellulosic materials	p. 97
Ethanol Recovery	p. 98
Distillation	p. 98
Alternative Processes for Ethanol Recovery and Purification	p. 100
Ethanol Dehydration	p. 101
Molecular sieve adsorption	p. 101
Membrane technology	p. 101
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects	p. 102
References	p. 102
Raw Materials to Produce Low-Cost Biodiesel	p. 107
Introduction	p. 107
Nonedible Oils	p. 109
Bahapilu oil	p. 110
Castor oil	p. 111
Cottonseed oil	p. 113
Cuphea oil	p. 114
Jatropha curcas oil	p. 115
Karanja seed oil	p. 116
Linseed oil	p. 117
Mahua oil	p. 119
Nagchampa oil	p. 120
Neem oil	p. 121
Rubber seed oil	p. 122
Tonka bean oil	p. 123
Low-Cost Edible Oils	p. 124
Cardoon oil	p. 124
Ethiopian mustard oil	p. 125
Gold-of-pleasure oil	p. 126
Tigernut oil	p. 127
Used Frying Oils	p. 129
Animal Fats	p. 131
Future Lines	p. 132
Allanblackia oil	p. 133
Bitter almond oil	p. 133
Chaulmoogra oil	p. 134
Papaya oil	p. 135
Sal oil	p. 136
Tung oil	p. 137
Ucuuba oil	p. 138
Acknowledgments	p. 139
References	p. 140
Fuel and Physical Properties of Biodiesel Components	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
Cetane Number and Exhaust Emissions	p. 152
Cold-Flow Properties	p. 154
Oxidative Stability	p. 156
Iodine value	p. 157
Viscosity	p. 158
Lubricity	p. 159
Outlook	p. 159
References	p. 160
Processing of Vegetable Oils as Biodiesel and Engine Performance	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
Processing of Vegetable Oils to Biodiesel	p. 169
Degumming of vegetable oils	p. 169
Transesterification of vegetable oils by acid or alkali	p. 177
Enzymatic transesterification of vegetable oils	p. 181
Engine performance with esters of vegetable oil	p. 183
Engine Performance with Esters of Tallow and Frying Oil	p. 186
References	p. 187
Ethanol and Methanol as Fuels in Internal Combustion Engines	p. 191
Introduction	p. 191
Alcohols as Substitute Fuels for IC Engines	p. 193
Ethanol as an alternative fuel	p. 193
Production of ethanol	p. 194
Distillation of Alcohol	p. 198
Properties of Ethanol and Methanol	p. 198
Use of Blends	p. 200
Performance of Engine Using Ethanol	p. 202
Alcohols in CI Engine	p. 204
Alcohol-diesel fuel solution	p. 206
Alcohol-diesel fuel emulsions	p. 207
Spark ignition	p. 207
Ignition improvers	p. 207
Methanol as an Alternate Fuel	p. 208
Production of methanol	p. 209
Emission	p. 211
Fuel system and cold starting	p. 211
Corrosion	p. 212
Toxicity of methanol	p. 212
Formaldehyde emission	p. 213
Comparison of Ethanol and Methanol	p. 217
Ecosystem Impacts Using Alcohol Fuels	p. 218
Aquatic system impacts	p. 218
Terrestrial system impacts	p. 218
Occupational health impacts	p. 218
Occupational safety impacts	p. 218
Socioeconomic impacts	p. 219
Transportation and infrastructure impacts	p. 219
References	p. 219
Cracking of Lipids for Fuels and Chemicals	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Thermal Degradation Process	p. 222
Catalytic cracking (CC)	p. 224
Vegetable Oil Fuels/Hydrocarbon Blends	p. 225
Refitting engines	p. 227
Tailored conversion products	p. 227
Feed component in FCC	p. 237
Other Metal Oxide Catalysts	p. 239
Cracking by In Situ Catalysts	p. 241
Conclusion	p. 246
References	p. 246
Fuel Cells	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
Fuel Cell Basics	p. 252
Types of Fuel Cells	p. 255
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)	p. 255
Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs)	p. 263
Alkaline-electrolyte fuel cells (AFCs)	p. 264
Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs)	p. 267
Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs)	p. 271
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)	p. 274
Biofuel cells	p. 279
Fuel Cell System	p. 284
Fuel processor	p. 284
Air management	p. 287
Water management	p. 287
Thermal management	p. 287
Power-conditioning system	p. 288
Fuel Cell Applications	p. 288
Conclusion	p. 291
References	p. 292
Appendix	p. 295
Index	p. 297
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Biofuels Refining and Performance

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