Bio-Glasses An Introduction

This book is dedicated to glasses and their variants that can be used as biomaterials to repair diseased and damaged tissues. Bio-glasses are superior to other biomaterials in many applications, such as healing bone by signaling stem cells to become bone cells. The book covers all types of glasses: traditional glasses, bioactive glasses, sol-gel glasses, phosphate glasses, glass-ceramics, composites and hybrids. With discussion on how they are made, their properties, and the reasons for their use, the authors also cover their applications in dentistry, bone regeneration and tissue engineering, and cancer treatment. Its solid guidance describes the steps needed to take a new material from concept to clinic, covering the essentials of patenting, scale-up, quality assurance, and FDA approval. Key features: First book on biomaterials to focus on bio-glasses Supported by the International Commission on Glass (ICG) Authored by members of the ICG Biomedical Glass Committee, with the goal of creating a seamless textbook, not a collection of reviews Written in an accessible style to facilitate rapid absorption of information. Edited by a leading authority on bio-glasses trained by one of its inventors, Dr Larry Hench Covers all types of glasses, their properties and applications, and demonstrates that glass is an attractive improvement to current procedures Of interest to the biomedical as well as the materials science community

Dr Julian Jones is a Senior Lecturer and Royal Academy of Engineering and EPSRC Research Fellow at Imperial College, London. He has 40 peer reviewed publications in leading journals in the field of Biomaterials and has co-edited a leading textbook. His work has been recognised by award of a prestigious Philip Leverhulme Prize in 2007, for excellence in Engineering; the Tissue and Cell Engineering Society (TCES) Early Investigator Award in 2008; and the Institute of Materials, Mining and Minerals (IOM³) Silver Medal, for outstanding achievement in Materials Science and international promotion of the subject. His work has featured in the media with articles in the Daily Mail and Daily Telegraph and an interview on Radio 5 Live.

Dr Alexis Clare is Professor of Glass Science at the Inamori School of Engineering, Alfred University, NY, USA.

List of Contributors	p. xi
Foreword	p. xiii
Preface	p. xvii
The Unique Nature of Glass	p. 1
What is Glass?	p. 1
Making Glass	p. 5
Homogeneity and Phase Separation	p. 8
Forming	p. 9
Glasses that are not "Melted"	p. 10
Exotic Glass	p. 11
Summary	p. 11
Further Reading	p. 12
Melt-Derived Bioactive Glass	p. 13
Bioglass	p. 13
Introduction to Bioglass	p. 13
The Materials Properties of Bioglass	p. 15
Mechanism of Bioactivity and Effect of Glass Composition	p. 15
Network Connectivity and Bioactivity	p. 18
Alternative Bioactive Glass Compositions	p. 19
In Vitro Studies	p. 22
In Vivo Studies and Commercial Products	p. 22
Animal Studies	p. 22
Human Clinical Studies and Commercial Products	p. 24
References	p. 26
Sol-Gel Derived Glasses for Medicine	p. 29
Introduction	p. 29
Why Use the Sol-Gel Process?	p. 30
Sol-Gel Process Principles	p. 31
Steps in a Typical Sol-Gel Process	p. 32
Stage 1: Mixing	p. 33
Stage 2: Casting	p. 34
Stage 3: Gelation	p. 34
Stage 4: Ageing	p. 34
Stage 5: Drying	p. 35
Stage 6: Stabilisation	p. 35
Stage 7: Densification	p. 35
Evolution of Nanoporosity	p. 36
Making Sol-Gel Monoliths	p. 37
Making Particles	p. 38
Sol-Gel Derived Bioactive Glasses	p. 40
Summary	p. 42
References	p. 43
Phosphate Glasses	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Making Phosphate Glasses	p. 46
Phosphate Glass Structure	p. 46
Temperature Behaviour and Crystallisation	p. 50
Phosphate Glass Dissolution	p. 56
Cell Compatibility of Glasses	p. 58
Phosphate Glass Fibres and Composites	p. 60
Applications	p. 62
Summary	p. 63
References	p. 63
The Structure of Bioactive Glasses and Their Surfaces	p. 65
Structure of Glasses	p. 65
Structure of Bioactive Glasses	p. 68
Computer Modeling (Theoretical Simulation) of Bioactive Glasses	p. 69
Glass Surfaces	p. 72
Summary	p. 74
References	p. 74
Bioactive Borate Glasses	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
What Differentiaties a Bioactive Borate Glass from Other Bioactive Glasses?	p. 76
Evaluating Reactive Materials (In Vitro Versus In Vivo Testing)	p. 79
Multifunctional Bioactive Borate Glasses	p. 81
Applications of Bioactive Borate Glasses in Orthopedics and Dental Regeneration	p. 84
Soft Tissue Wound Healing	p. 86
Tissue/Vessel Guidance	p. 90
Drug Delivery	p. 91
Commercial Product Design	p. 92
Summary	p. 94
References	p. 94
Glass-Ceramics	p. 97
Glass-Ceramics and Their Uses	p. 97
Methods Used for the Controlled Crystallization of Glasses	p. 99
A Glass-Ceramic that Hardly Expands When Heated	p. 101
High-Strength, Moldable Glass-Ceramics for Dental Restoration	p. 102
Glass-Ceramics that are Moldable and Machinable	p. 104
Outlook	p. 104
References	p. 105
Bioactive Glass and Glass-Ceramic Coatings	p. 107
Introduction	p. 107
Enameling	p. 108
Glazing	p. 112
Plasma Spraying	p. 115
Radiofrequency Magnetron Sputtering Deposition	p. 117
Pulsed Laser Deposition	p. 117
Summary	p. 118
References	p. 118
Composites Containing Bioactive Glass	p. 121
Introduction	p. 121
Biodegradable Polymers	p. 125
Natural Polymers	p. 125
Synthetic Polymers	p. 126
Composite Scaffolds Containing Bioactive Glass	p. 129
Processing Technologies for Porous Bioactive Composites	p. 131
Thermally Induced Phase Separation	p. 133
Solid Freeform Fabrication/Rapid Prototyping	p. 134
Other Processing Routes	p. 136
Case Study: the PDLLA-Bioglass Composite Scaffold System	p. 136
Final Remarks	p. 137
References	p. 138
Inorganic-Organic Sol-Gel Hybrids	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
Hybrids in Medicine and Why They Should Be Silica-Based	p. 140
Self-Assembled Hybrid Films and Layers of Grafted Silanes	p. 143
Sol-Gel Hybrids	p. 144
Ormosils	p. 146
Polymer Choice and Property Control in Hybrids	p. 149
Silica/Gelatin	p. 151
Maintaining Bioactivity in Sol-Gel Hybrids	p. 152
Calcium Incorporation in Sol-Gel Hybrids	p. 153
Calcium-Containing Ormosils	p. 154
Ormotites	p. 154
Hybrids from Vinylsilanes or Other Bifunctional Silances	p. 155
Summary and Outlook	p. 156
Further Reading	p. 156
Dental Applications of Glasses	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Structure of the Human Tooth	p. 160
Glass Bioactivity and Teeth	p. 161
Bioactive Glass in Dental Bone Regeneration	p. 164
Treatment of Hypersensitive Teeth	p. 166
Bioactive Glass Coating on Metal Implants	p. 167
Antimicrobial Properties of Bioactive Glasses	p. 170
Bioactive Glasses in Polymer Composites	p. 171
Bioactive Glasses in Glass Ionomer Cements	p. 172
Summary	p. 173
References	p. 173
Bioactive Glass as Synthetic Bone Grafts and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
Synthetic Bone Grafts and Regenerative Medicine	p. 179
Design Criteria for an Ideal Synthetic Bone Graft	p. 181
Bioglass and the Complication of Crystallisation During Sintering	p. 182
Making Porous Glasses	p. 183
Space Holder Method	p. 183
Polymer Foam Replication	p. 185
Direct Foaming	p. 187
Gel-Cast Foaming	p. 187
Sol-Gel Foaming Process	p. 190
Solid Freeform Fabrication	p. 193
Summary of Bioactive Glass Scaffold Processing	p. 194
The Future: Porous Hybrids	p. 194
Bioactive Glasses and Tissue Engineering	p. 198
Regulatory Issues	p. 199
Summary	p. 200
Further Reading	p. 200
Glasses for Radiotherapy	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Glass Design and Synthesis	p. 206
Non-Degradable or Bio-inert Glasses: Rare Earth Aluminosilicate Glasses	p. 206
Preparation	p. 207
Properties	p. 208
Biodegradable Glasses: Rare Earth Borate/Borosilicate Glasses	p. 209
Design of Radioactive Glass Microspheres for In Vivo Applications	p. 211
Glass Particle Shape	p. 211
Useful Radioisotopes	p. 212
Radiation Dose	p. 212
Tumor Response and Tailoring of Glass Composition	p. 213
Treatment of Liver Cancer: Hepatocellular Carcinoma	p. 215
Treatment of Kidney Cancer: Renal Cell Carcinoma	p. 220
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Radiation Synovectomy	p. 221
Summary	p. 225
References	p. 226
Index	p. 229
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Bio-Glasses An Introduction

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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