Bioinspired and Green Synthesis of Nanostructures A Sustainable Approach

This unique book details various ways to synthesize advanced nanostructures using green methods, explores the design and development of sustainable advanced nanostructures, and discusses the antimicrobial and antiviral applications.

The future of the world depends on immediately investing our time and effort in advancing ideas on ways to restrict the use of hazardous chemicals, thereby arresting further environmental degradation. To achieve this goal, nanotechnology has been an indispensable arena that has extended its wings into every aspect of modernization. For example, green synthetic protocols are being extensively researched to inhibit the harmful effects of chemical residues and reduce chemical wastes. This involves the study of nanotechnology for artful engineering at the molecular level across multiple disciplines. In recent years, nanotechnology has ventured away from the confines of the laboratory and has been able to conquer new domains to help us live better lives.

Bioinspired and Green Synthesis of Nanostructures focuses on the recent developments and novel applications of bioinspired and biomimetic nanostructures as functionally advanced biomolecules with huge prospects for research, development, and engineering industries. It provides detailed coverage of the chemistry of each major class of synthesis of bioinspired nanostructures and their multiple functionalities. In addition, it reviews the new research results currently being introduced and analyzes the various green synthetic approaches for developing nanostructures, their distinctive characteristics, and their applications. The book provides readers with an understanding of the recent data, as well as various strategies for designing and developing advanced nanostructures using a greener approach.

Audience

The core audience of this book include materials scientists, nanoscientists, nanotechnologists, chemical and biological engineers, biochemists and biotechnologists. Industry process engineers and scientists working in nanomaterial synthesis will find this book extremely valuable.

Mousumi Sen, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Amity University, India. She received her PhD in bioinorganic chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. Her research interest is focused on the development of biotechnological processes for bioprocessing and conversion of waste to generate bioenergy, biofuels, and biobased chemicals. Her research focus also includes the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from polluted water, food chemistry, heavy metal detoxification, composites/nanocomposites, water research, bio-inorganic chemistry, and nanochemistry. She has published numerous peer-reviewed research articles in journals of high repute as well as edited and authored books and book chapters.

Monalisa Mukherjee, PhD, is the Director of the Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies and a professor at the Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Noida, India. She received her PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India in 2006. She is also a recipient of the UK-India Distinguished Visiting Scientist Award in 2011 and was admitted as a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2021.

Preface xv

1 Green Synthesis: Introduction, Mechanism, and Effective Parameters 1
Mousumi Sen

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 What Are Nanoparticles? 2

1.3 Types of Nanoparticles 4

1.3.1 Inorganic Nanoparticle 4

1.3.1.1 Green Synthesis of Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles 4

1.3.1.2 Green Synthesis of Gold (Au) Nanoparticles 7

1.3.1.3 Green Synthesis of Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles 8

1.3.1.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 9

1.3.2 Organic Nanoparticles 9

1.3.2.1 Liposomes 10

1.3.2.2 Micelles 10

1.3.2.3 Dendrimers 10

1.4 Approaches 10

1.5 Conclusion 18

References 19

2 Greener Nanoscience: Proactive Approach to Advancing Nanotechnology Applications and Reducing Its Negative Consequences 25
Utkarsh Jain and Kirti Saxena

2.1 Introduction 26

2.2 Why Do We Need Green Nanoscience Approaches? 27

2.3 Green Nanotechnology 28

2.4 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials 29

2.5 Advantages of Green Nanoscience 33

2.5.1 Green Nanoscience in Industries 34

2.5.2 Green Nanoscience in Automobiles 34

2.5.3 Green Nanoelectronics 35

2.5.4 Green Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture 35

2.5.5 Green Nanoscience in Medicines 35

2.6 Conclusion 36

References 37

3 Optimization of the Process Parameters to Develop Green-Synthesized Nanostructures with a Special Interest in Cancer Theranostics 43
Tathagata Adhikary, Chowdhury Mobaswar Hossain and Piyali Basak

3.1 Introduction 44

3.1.1 Conventional Techniques in Nanoparticle Synthesis 44

3.1.2 Green Nanotechnology 46

3.2 Mechanism Underlying Green Synthesis 47

3.3 Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics 52

3.4 Optimizing the Synthesis and Subsequent Characterizations 55

3.4.1 Approaches to Achieve Optimization 55

3.4.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles 57

Acknowledgment 58

References 59

4 Sustainability: An Emerging Design Criterion in Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications 65
Yashtika Raj Singh, Abhyavartin Selvam, P.E. Lokhande and Sandip Chakrabarti

4.1 Introduction 66

4.2 Biotemplates 69

4.2.1 Plant-Based Biotemplates 70

4.2.2 Microorganism-Based Biotemplates 75

4.2.2.1 Bacteria 75

4.2.2.2 Fungi 79

4.2.2.3 Yeast 79

4.2.2.4 Algae 82

4.3 Synthesis Routes 84

4.3.1 Effect of pH 84

4.3.2 Effect of Temperature 85

4.3.3 Effect of Biomolecules 86

4.3.3.1 Plant-Based 86

4.3.3.2 Microorganism-Based 87

4.4 Applications 88

4.4.1 Biomedical Application 88

4.4.1.1 Antimicrobial Activity 88

4.4.1.2 Biomedication 90

4.4.1.3 Vaccines 90

4.4.1.4 Antidiabetic 91

4.4.1.5 Diagnostic Applications 91

4.4.2 Environmental Application 92

4.4.2.1 Environmental Remediation 93

4.4.2.2 Catalytic Removal of Textile Dyes 93

4.4.2.3 Wastewater Treatment 94

4.4.2.4 Agriculture 94

4.5 Conclusion and Outlook 96

References 98

5 Green Conversion Methods to Prepare Nanoparticle 115
Pradip Kumar Sukul and Chirantan Kar

5.0 Introduction 116

5.1 Bacteria 118

5.2 Fungi 122

5.3 Yeast 127

5.4 Viruses 129

5.5 Algae 132

5.6 Plants 134

5.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 135

References 136

6 Bioinspired Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials From Algae 141
Reetu, Monalisa Mukherjee and Monika Prakash Rai

6.1 Introduction 141

6.2 Algal System-Mediated Nanomaterial Synthesis 143

6.3 Factors Affecting the Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials 145

6.3.1 Light 146

6.3.2 Temperature 146

6.3.3 Incubation Period 146

6.3.4 pH 147

6.3.5 Precursor Concentration and Bioactive Catalyst 147

6.4 Applications of the Green Synthesized Nanomaterials 147

6.4.1 Antimicrobial Agents 148

6.4.2 Anticancerous 149

6.4.3 Biosensing 149

6.4.4 Bioremediation 149

6.5 Future Perspectives 150

6.6 Conclusion 150

References 151

7 Interactions of Nanoparticles with Plants: Accumulation and Effects 157
Indrajit Roy

7.1 Introduction 158

7.2 Uptake and Translocation of Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers in Plants 160

7.3 Nanoparticle-Mediated Sensing and Biosensing in Plants 164

7.4 Tolerance Versus Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Plants 168

7.5 Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Fertilizers, Pesticides, Other Agrochemicals in Plants 173

7.6 Nanoparticle-Mediated Non-Viral Gene Delivery in Plants 177

7.7 Conclusions 181

Acknowledgments 182

References 183

8 A Clean Nano-Era: Green Synthesis and Its Progressive Applications 189
Susmita Das and Kajari Dutta

8.1 Introduction 190

8.2 Green Synthetic Approaches 190

8.2.1 Microorganism-Induced Synthesis of Nanoparticles 190

8.2.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Bacteria 191

8.2.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Fungi 191

8.2.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Actinomycetes 192

8.2.5 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Algae 192

8.2.6 Plant Extracts for Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles 193

8.3 Nanoparticles Obtained Using Green Synthetic Approaches and Their Applications 193

8.3.1 Synthesis of Silver (Ag) and Gold (Au) 193

8.3.2 Synthesis of Palladium (Pd) Nanoparticles 195

8.3.3 Synthesis of Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles 196

8.3.4 Synthesis of Silver Oxide (Ag₂ O) Nanoparticles 197

8.3.5 Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂) Nanoparticles 197

8.3.6 Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles 198

8.3.7 Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 199

8.4 Conclusion 200

References 200

9 A Decade of Biomimetic and Bioinspired Nanostructures: Innovation Upheaval and Implementation 207
Vishakha Sherawata, Anamika Saini, Priyanka Dalal and Deepika Sharma

9.1 Introduction 208

9.2 Bioinspired Nanostructures 209

9.2.1 Materials Inspired by Structural Properties of Natural Organism 210

9.3 Biomimetic Structures 213

9.4 Biomimetic Synthesis Processes and Products 214

9.5 Application of Bioinspired and Biomimetic Structure 219

9.6 Conclusion 223

9.7 Future Outlook 224

Acknowledgments 225

References 225

10 A Feasibility Study of the Bioinspired Green Manufacturing of Nanocomposite Materials 231
Arpita Bhattacharya

10.1 Introduction 232

10.2 Biopolymers 233

10.2.1 Cellulose 234

10.2.2 Chitosan 234

10.2.3 Starch 234

10.2.4 Chitin 235

10.2.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 235

10.2.6 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 235

10.3 Different Types of Bioinspired Nanocomposites 236

10.3.1 Polymer-HAp Nanoparticle Composites 236

10.3.2 Nanowhisker-Based Bionanocomposites 237

10.3.3 Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites 238

10.4 Fabrication of Bionanocomposites 240

10.4.1 Electrospinning 240

10.4.2 Solvent Casting 240

10.4.3 Melt Moulding 241

10.4.4 Freeze Drying 242

10.4.5 3D Printing 242

10.4.6 Ball Milling Method 243

10.4.7 Microwave-Assisted Method for Bionanocomposite Preparation 244

10.4.8 Ultraviolet Irradiation Method 245

10.5 Application of Bionanocomposites 246

10.5.1 Orthopedics 246

10.5.2 Dental Applications 248

10.5.3 Tissue Engineering 251

10.6 Conclusion 252

References 252

11 Bioinspiration as Tools for the Design of Innovative Materials and Systems Bioinspired Piezoelectric Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Biomedical Applications 263
Santu Bera

11.1 Bioinspiration and Sophisticated Materials Design 264

11.1.1 Piezoelectricity in Natural Bulk Materials 266

11.1.2 Piezoelectricity in Proteins 267

11.1.3 Piezoelectric Ultra-Short Peptides 270

11.1.4 Single Amino Acid Assembly and Coassembly- Based Piezoelectric Materials 273

11.2 Biomedical Applications 276

11.2.1 Piezoelectric Sensors 276

11.2.2 Tissue Regeneration 279

11.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 281

Acknowledgment 282

References 282

12 Protein Cages and their Potential Application in Therapeutics 291
Chiging Tupe and Soumyananda Chakraborti

12.1 Introduction 292

12.2 Different Methods of Cage Modifications and Cargo Loading 295

12.3 Applications of Protein Cages in Biotechnology and Therapeutics 298

12.3.1 Protein Cage as Targeted Delivery Vehicles for Therapeutic Protein 298

12.3.2 Protein Cage-Based Encapsulation and Targeting of Anticancer Drugs 299

12.3.3 Protein Cage-Based Immune-Therapy 300

12.4 Future Perspective 301

12.5 Conclusion 301

Acknowledgment 301

References 302

13 Green Nanostructures: Biomedical Applications and Toxicity Studies 307
Radhika Chaurasia, Omnarayan Agrawal, Rupesh, Shweta Bansal and Monalisa Mukherjee

13.1 Introduction 308

13.2 Moving Toward Green Nanostructures 309

13.3 Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis 309

13.4 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Green Nanostructures 310

13.4.1 Silver Nanoparticles 310

13.4.2 Gold Nanoparticles 311

13.4.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 313

13.4.4 Selenium Nanoparticles 314

13.5 Microbe-Based Synthesis 314

13.5.1 Bacteria-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 315

13.5.2 Fungus-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 316

13.5.3 Actinomycete-Mediated Synthesis of NPs 317

13.6 Toxicity of Nanostructures 318

13.7 Conclusion 319

References 319

14 Future Challenges for Designing Industry-Relevant Bioinspired Materials 325
Warren Rosario and Nidhi Chauhan

14.1 Introduction 326

14.2 Bioinspired Materials 327

14.3 Applications of Bioinspired Materials and Their Industrial Relevance 327

14.4 Bioinspired Materials in Optics 328

14.4.1 Applications in Optics 328

14.4.2 Bioinspired Materials in Energy 329

14.4.3 Applications in Energy 331

14.4.4 Bioinspired Materials in Medicine 333

14.5 Applications in Medicine 333

14.6 Future Challenges for Industrial Relevance 336

14.7 Optics-Specific Challenges 341

14.8 Energy-Specific Challenges 342

14.9 Medicine-Specific Challenges 342

14.10 Conclusion 343

References 344

15 Biomimetic and Bioinspired Nanostructures: Recent Developments and Applications 353
Sreemoyee Chakraborty, Debabrata Bera, Lakshmishri Roy and Chandan Kumar Ghosh

15.1 Introduction 354

15.2 Designing Bioinspired and Bioimitating Structures and Pathways 357

15.3 Nanobiomimicry—Confluence of Nanotechnology and Bioengineering 359

15.4 Biofunctionalization of Inorganic Nanoparticles 361

15.4.1 Strategies to Develop Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 361

15.4.2 Fate of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 362

15.4.3 Biofunctionalization Nanoparticles with Different Organic Compounds 363

15.4.3.1 Carbohydrates 363

15.4.3.2 Nucleic Acid 363

15.4.3.3 Peptides 364

15.4.3.4 DNA 364

15.4.3.5 Antibody 364

15.4.3.6 Enzyme 365

15.4.3.7 Stability of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 365

15.4.3.8 Applications of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles 365

15.5 Multifarious Applications of Biomimicked/Bioinspired Novel Nanomaterials 367

15.5.1 Implementation of Nanobiomimicry for Sustainable Development 367

15.5.2 Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Therapeutic Applications 370

15.5.3 Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring 376

15.5.3.1 Nanosensor Design 378

15.5.3.2 Operation of a Biomimetic Sensor 380

15.5.3.3 Applications in Environmental Monitoring 381

15.5.4 Biomimetic Nanostructure for Advancement of Agriculture and Bioprocess Engineering 383

15.5.5 Nanobiomimetics as the Future of Food Process Engineering 387

15.6 Emerging Trends and Future Developments in Bioinspired Nanotechnology 389

15.7 Conclusion 390

References 391

Index 405

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