Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) Operation in Wastewater Treatment Plants WEF Manual of Practice No. 30

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780071464154 | 0071464158
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/15/2005

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Written by industry experts for industry professionals, this complete guide to biological nutrient removal (BNR) provides up-to-date information on plant design and operation for managers, operators, consultants, and those training in wastewater engineering.

Preface

xliii

Introduction

(556)

Overall Process Considerations

Introduction

(2)

Nutrient Sources

(4)

Sources of Nitrogen

(1)

Source of Phosphorus

(3)

Effects of Nutrients on Receiving Waters

(1)

Eutrophication

(1)

Ammonia Toxicity

(1)

Nitrate in Groundwater

(1)

Wastewater Characteristics

(12)

Carbonaceous Materials

(3)

Nitrogen

(4)

Phosphorus

(1)

Solids

(2)

Temperature

(1)

Alkalinity

(1)

Variations in Flows and Loads

(2)

Effect of Recycle Flows

(2)

Review of Recycle Flows

(1)

Management of Return Flows

(1)

Effect of Effluent Permit Requirements

(2)

Technology-Based Permits

(1)

Monthly Average

(1)

Annual Average

(1)

Seasonal Permit

(1)

Water-Quality-Based Permit

(1)

References

(4)

Nitrification and Denitrification

Introduction

(1)

Wastewater Characteristics

(2)

Assimilation

(1)

Hydrolysis and Ammonification

(2)

Nitrifier Growth Rate

(1)

Nitrification

(31)

Process Fundamentals

(1)

Stoichiometry

(1)

Nitrification Kinetics

(1)

Biomass Growth and Ammonium Use

(3)

Wastewater Temperature

(1)

Dissolved Oxygen Concentration

(1)

pH and Alkalinity

(1)

Inhibition

(1)

Flow and Load Variations

(1)

Suspended-Growth Systems

(1)

General

(7)

Determining the Target SRT aerobic

(1)

Example 3.1---Single Sludge Suspended-Growth Nitrification

(1)

Single Sludge Systems

(1)

Separate Sludge Systems

(2)

Attached Growth Systems

(1)

General

(2)

Trickling Filter

(5)

Rotating Biological Contactors

(3)

Biological Aerated Filter

(2)

Coupled Systems

(1)

Denitrification

(10)

Process Fundamentals

(1)

Stoichiometry

(3)

Denitrification Kinetics---Biomass Growth and Nitrate Use

(2)

Example 3.2---Single Sludge Suspended-Growth Postdenitrification

(1)

Carbon Augmentation

(1)

Separate-Stage Denitrification

(1)

Suspended-Growth Systems

(1)

Attached-Growth Systems

(1)

Denitrification Filter

(1)

Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor

(1)

Combined Nitrification and Denitrification Systems

(9)

Basic Considerations

(1)

Suspended-Growth Systems

(1)

Wuhrmann Process

(1)

Modified Ludzack-Ettinger Process

(3)

Bardenpho Process (Four-Stage)

(2)

Sequencing Batch Reactors

(2)

Cyclically Aerated Activated Sludge

(1)

Oxidation Ditch Processes

(1)

Countercurrent Aeration

(1)

Hybrid Systems

(11)

Introduction

(1)

Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge

(1)

Descriptions of Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge Processes

(1)

Rope-Type Media

(2)

Sponge-Type Media

(1)

Plastic Media

(2)

Rotating Biological Contactors

(1)

Operational Issues

(1)

Rope-Type Media

(1)

Media Location

(1)

Growth

(1)

Kinetic Rate

(1)

Worms

(1)

Media Breakage

(1)

Adequate Dissolved Oxygen Level

(1)

Mixing

(1)

Access To Diffusers

(1)

Odor

(1)

Sponge Media

(1)

Screen Clogging

(1)

Sinking Sponges

(1)

Loss of Sponges

(1)

Taking Tank Out of Service

(1)

Loss of Solids

(1)

Air Distribution System

(1)

Plastic Media

(1)

Startup Procedures

(1)

Growth

(1)

Worms

(1)

Media Breakage

(1)

Media Mixing

(1)

Accumulation of Growth

(1)

Screen Clogging

(1)

Foaming

(1)

Taking Tank Out of Service

(1)

Membrane Bioreactor

(2)

Secondary Clarification

100

(2)

Suspended Growth

100

(1)

Denitrification

101

(1)

Flocculation Problem 1

101

(1)

Flocculation Problem 2

101

(1)

High Sludge Blanket

101

(1)

Hydraulic Problem

102

(1)

Attached Growth

102

(1)

References

102

(4)

Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal

Introduction and Basic Theory of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal

106

(1)

Basic Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Theory

107

(1)

Basic Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Design Principles

108

(5)

Operational Parameters

113

(16)

Influent Composition and Chemical-Oxygen-Demand-to-Phosphorus Ratio

113

(4)

Solids Retention Time and Hydraulic Retention Time

117

(5)

Temperature

122

(5)

Recycle Flows

127

(1)

Internal Recycles

127

(2)

Plant Recycles

129

(1)

Types of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Systems

129

(11)

Suspended-Growth Systems

130

(1)

Anaerobic/Oxic and Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic Configurations

130

(2)

Modified Bardenpho Configuration

132

(1)

University of Cape Town, Modified University of Cape Town, and Virginia Initiative Process Configurations

133

(2)

Johannesburg Configuration

135

(1)

Oxidation Ditches, BioDenipho, and VT2 Configurations

136

(2)

Hybrid Systems

138

(1)

PhoStrip Configuration

138

(1)

Biological Chemical Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal Configuration

139

(1)

Process Control Methodologies

140

(6)

Influent Carbon Augmentation

140

(1)

Volatile Fatty Acid Addition

140

(1)

Pre-Fermentation

140

(3)

Solids Separation and Sludge Processing

143

(1)

Chemical Polishing and Effluent Filtration

144

(2)

Case Studies

146

(7)

The Lethbridge Wastewater Treatment Plant, Alberta, Canada

146

(2)

Durham, Tigard, Oregon, Clean Water Services

148

(1)

Unique New Designs

149

(1)

McAlpine Creek Wastewater Management Facility of Charlotte, North Carolina

150

(1)

Traverse City Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant, Traverse City, Michigan

150

(3)

References

153

(9)

Combined Nutrient Removal Systems

Combined Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Processes

162

(1)

Flow Sheets for Combined Nutrient Removal

162

(16)

The Five-Stage Bardenpho Process

165

(1)

Phoredox (A2/O) Process

166

(1)

The University of Cape Town and Virginia Initiative Processes

166

(2)

Modified University of Cape Town Process

168

(1)

Johannesburg and Modified Johannesburg Processes

168

(1)

Westbank Process

169

(2)

The Orange Water and Sewer Authority Process

171

(1)

Phosphorus Removal Combined with Channel-Type Systems

171

(2)

Cyclical Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Systems

173

(1)

General Remarks about the Various Process Configurations

174

(4)

Interaction of Nitrates and Phosphorus in Biological Nutrient Removal Plants

178

(4)

Process Control Methodologies

182

(7)

Effect of Oxygen

182

(1)

Temperature Effects

183

(1)

pH Effects

184

(1)

Sufficient Dissolved Oxygen in the Aeration Zone

185

(1)

Chemical Oxygen Demand to Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Ratio

186

(1)

Selection of Aeration Device

187

(1)

Clarifier Selection

187

(2)

Effect of Chemical Phosphorus Removal on Biological Nutrient Removal Systems

189

(3)

Primary Clarifiers

189

(1)

Secondary Clarifiers

190

(1)

Tertiary Filters

190

(2)

Process Selection for Combined Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal

192

(4)

Effluent Requirements

192

(1)

Phosphate Removal but No Nitrification

192

(1)

Phosphate Removal with Nitrification but No Denitrification

193

(1)

Phosphate Removal with Nitrification Only in Summer

194

(1)

High-Percentage Nitrogen and Phosphate Removal

195

(1)

Benefits from Converting to Biological-Nutrient-Removal-Type Operation

196

(6)

Reliable Operation

196

(2)

Restoring Alkalinity

198

(1)

Improving the Alpha Factor

199

(1)

Improving Sludge Settleability

199

(3)

Troubleshooting Biological Nutrient Removal Plants

202

(14)

Plant not Designed for Nitrification but Nitrification in Summer Causes Problems

202

(1)

Problem

203

(1)

Correction

203

(1)

Problem

203

(1)

Correction

203

(1)

Problem

203

(1)

Correction

203

(1)

Plant Designed for Nitrification but No Denitrification

203

(1)

Problem

203

(1)

Correction

203

(1)

Problem

203

(1)

Correction

203

(1)

Problem

203

(1)

Correction

204

(1)

Problem

204

(1)

Correction

204

(1)

Plant Designed for Nitrification and Denitrification

204

(1)

Problem

204

(1)

Correction

204

(1)

Problem

204

(1)

Correction

205

(1)

Problem

205

(1)

Correction

205

(1)

Plant Designed for Phosphorus Removal Only

206

(1)

Problem

206

(1)

Correction

206

(1)

Problem

206

(1)

Correction

206

(1)

Problem

207

(1)

Correction

207

(1)

Plant Designed for Ammonia and Phosphorus Removal

207

(1)

Problem

207

(1)

Correction

207

(1)

Problem

207

(1)

Correction

207

(1)

Problem

207

(1)

Correction

208

(1)

Problem

208

(1)

Correction

208

(1)

Problem

208

(1)

Correction

208

(1)

Problem

208

(1)

Correction

208

(1)

Problem

208

(1)

Correction

208

(1)

Retrofitting Plants for Nutrient Removal

208

(4)

Return Activated Sludge and Internal Recycle Rates

212

(1)

Minimizing the Adverse Effect of Storm Flows

213

(1)

Foam Control

214

(1)

Waste Sludge and Return Stream Management

215

(1)

Summary

216

(1)

Case Studies

216

(7)

City of Bowie Wastewater Treatment Plant (Bowie, Maryland)

216

(1)

Facility Design

216

(1)

Effluent Limits

216

(1)

Wastewater Characteristics

217

(1)

Performance

217

(1)

Potsdam Wastewater Treatment Plant (Germany)

217

(1)

Facility Design

217

(1)

Performance

217

(1)

Goldsboro Water Reclamation Facility, North Carolina

217

(1)

Facility Design

217

(1)

Effluent Limits

218

(1)

Wastewater Characteristics

218

(1)

Performance

218

(1)

South Cary Water Reclamation Facility, North Carolina

218

(1)

Facility Design

218

(1)

Effluent Limits

218

(1)

Wastewater Characteristics

219

(1)

Performance

219

(1)

North Cary Water Reclamation Facility, North Carolina

219

(1)

Facility Design

219

(1)

Effluent Limits

219

(1)

Wastewater Characteristics

220

(1)

Performance

220

(1)

Wilson Hominy Creek Wastewater Management Facility, North Carolina

220

(1)

Facility Design

220

(1)

Effluent Limits

220

(1)

Wastewater Characteristics

220

(1)

Performance

221

(1)

Greenville Utilities Commission Wastewater Treatment Plant, North Carolina

221

(1)

Facility Design

221

(1)

Effluent Limits

221

(1)

Wastewater Characteristics

221

(1)

Performance

222

(1)

Virginia Initiative Plant, Norfolk

222

(1)

Facility Design

222

(1)

Effluent Limits

222

(1)

Wastewater Characteristics

222

(1)

Performance

222

(1)

References

223

(4)

Models for Nutrient Removal

Introduction

227

(1)

History and Development of Models for Biological Nutrient Removal

227

(1)

Description of Models

228

(2)

Mechanistic Models

228

(1)

Simulators

228

(2)

Use of Simulators for Plant Operation

230

(2)

Ease of Use

230

(1)

Developing Data for Model Input

230

(1)

Using Simulators to Troubleshoot

231

(1)

Reference

232

(1)

Sludge Bulking and Foaming

Introduction

233

(1)

Microscopic Examination

234

(2)

Filamentous Bulking

236

(3)

Process Control for Filamentous Bulking Problems

239

(9)

Dissolved Oxygen

239

(1)

Nutrient Balance

240

(1)

241

(1)

Chemical Addition

241

(1)

Chlorination

241

(1)

Biological Selectors

242

(1)

Nonfilamentous Bulking

243

(1)

Troubleshooting Sludge Bulking Problems

243

(1)

Foaming Problems and Solutions

243

(4)

Stiff White Foam

247

(1)

Excessive Brown Foam and Dark Tan Foam

247

(1)

Dark Brown Foam

247

(1)

Very Dark or Black Foam

247

(1)

Filamentous Foaming

247

(1)

Conclusion

248

(1)

References

248

(8)

Chemical Addition and Chemical Feed Control

Introduction

256

(1)

Carbon Supplementation for Denitrification

257

(14)

Methanol Addition

257

(2)

Methanol Addition to Activated Sludge Biological Nutrient Removal Processes

259

(4)

Methanol Addition to Tertiary Denitrification Processes

263

(2)

Methanol Feed Control

265

(1)

Manual Control

265

(1)

Flow-Paced Control

265

(1)

Feed-Forward Control

265

(1)

Feed-Forward and Feedback with Effluent Concentration Control

266

(1)

Alternate Carbon Sources for Denitrification

266

(2)

Case Studies

268

(1)

Havelock Wastewater Treatment Plant, Havelock, North Carolina

268

(1)

Long Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant, Gastonia, North Carolina

269

(2)

Volatile Fatty Acid Supplementation for Biological Phosphorus Removal

271

(6)

Acetic Acid

273

(1)

Alternate Chemical Volatile Fatty Acid Sources

274

(1)

Case Study: McDowell Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant, Charlotte, North Carolina

274

(1)

Effect of Dewatering Filtrate

275

(1)

Optimization of Chemical Dosages

275

(2)

Alkalinity Supplementation

277

(11)

Alkalinity

277

(2)

Alkalinity Supplementation

279

(1)

Sodium Hydroxide

279

(2)

Calcium Hydroxide

281

(1)

Quicklime

281

(1)

Magnesium Hydroxide

282

(1)

Sodium Carbonate

282

(1)

Sodium Bicarbonate

282

(1)

Alkalinity Considerations

282

(1)

Usable Alkalinity

282

(1)

Volatile Fatty Acids and Other Alkalinity

283

(1)

Alkalinity Measurement

284

(1)

High-Purity-Oxygen Activated Sludge

284

(1)

Phosphorus Precipitation

285

(1)

Practical Examples

285

(1)

Example 1

285

(1)

Step 1

285

(1)

Step 2

285

(1)

Example 2

286

(1)

Step 1

286

(1)

Step 2

286

(1)

Example 3

287

(1)

Step 1

287

(1)

Step 2

287

(1)

Phosphorus Precipitation

288

(21)

Iron Compound Chemical Addition

290

(7)

Aluminum Compound Chemical Addition

297

(6)

Lime Addition

303

(2)

Other Options for Chemical Precipitation of Phosphorus

305

(1)

Chemical Feed Control

306

(1)

Case Study: Northwest Cobb Water Reclamation Facility, Cobb County, Georgia

306

(3)

Chemical Feed System Design and Operational Considerations

309

(2)

References

311

(3)

Sludge Fermentation

Overview of Fermentation Processes

314

(8)

Function and Relationship to Biological Nutrient Removal Process

314

(3)

Hydrolysis

317

(1)

Acidogenesis

317

(1)

Acetogenesis

318

(1)

Methanogenesis

318

(1)

Primary Sludge Fermentation

319

(1)

Return Activated Sludge Fermentation

320

(2)

Primary Sludge Fermenter Configurations

322

(7)

Activated Primary Sedimentation Tanks

322

(4)

Complete-Mix Fermenter

326

(1)

Single-Stage Static Fermenter

327

(1)

Two-Stage Complete-Mix/Thickener Fermenter

328

(1)

Unified Fermentation and Thickening Process

329

(1)

Primary Sludge Fermentation Equipment Considerations

329

(4)

Sludge Collector Drives

329

(1)

Primary Sludge Pumping

330

(1)

Fermented Sludge Pumping

330

(1)

Sludge Grinders or Screens

330

(1)

Fermentate Pumping

330

(1)

Mixers

331

(1)

Scum Removal

331

(1)

Odor Control and Covers

331

(1)

Corrosion and Protective Coatings

332

(1)

Instrumentation

332

(1)

Flow Measurement

332

(1)

Oxidation-Reduction Potential

332

(1)

Level Measurement

333

(1)

Sludge Density Meters

333

(1)

pH Meters

333

(1)

Headspace Monitoring

333

(1)

Return Activated Sludge Fermentation

333

(4)

Configuration

333

(1)

Equipment

334

(1)

Control Parameters

335

(2)

Case Studies

337

(8)

Kelowna Wastewater Treatment Plant, Canada

337

(1)

Kalispell, Montana

338

(3)

South Cary Water Reclamation Facility, North Carolina

341

(1)

Plant Description

341

(1)

Fermentation Process Description

341

(2)

Operating Parameters

343

(2)

References

345

(5)

Solids Handling and Processing

Introduction

350

(1)

Issues and Concerns

351

(2)

Influent Load Variations

351

(1)

Influent Amenability to Biological Nutrient Removal

351

(1)

Mean Cell Residence Time

352

(1)

Struvite Formation

352

(1)

Sludge Production

353

(1)

Nutrient Release

353

(4)

Release Mechanisms

353

(1)

Sources of Secondary Release

354

(1)

Primary Clarification

354

(1)

Final Clarification

354

(1)

Thickening

354

(1)

Stabilization

355

(1)

Dewatering

355

(2)

Estimating Recycle Loads

357

(3)

Eliminating or Minimizing

Recycle Loads

360

(2)

Sidestream Management and Treatment

362

(14)

Sidestream Management Alternatives

365

(1)

Recycle Equalization and Semitreatment

366

(1)

Equalization

366

(1)

Solids Removal

366

(1)

Aeration

366

(1)

Operational Issues

367

(1)

Sidestream Treatment

367

(1)

Nitrogen Removal

367

(1)

Stand-Alone Sidestream Treatment and Full-Centrate Nitrification

368

(2)

Operational Issues with Separate Recycle Nitrification Process

370

(1)

Influent Solids

370

(1)

Struvite

371

(1)

Alkalinity Feed

371

(1)

Aeration Efficiency

372

(1)

Reactor Configuration

372

(1)

Foaming

372

(1)

Separate Recycle Treatment---Nitrogen Removal (Nitrification and Denitrification)

372

(1)

Single Reactor System for High Activity Ammonium Removal over Nitrite

372

(1)

Anammox

373

(1)

Ammonia Stripping

374

(1)

Combination Sidestream Treatment and Biological Nutrient Removal Process---Return Activated Sludge Reaeration

374

(2)

Formation of Struvite and Other Precipitates

376

(19)

Struvite Chemistry

377

(3)

Biological Nutrient Removal and Struvite

380

(2)

Areas Most Susceptible to Struvite Formation

382

(5)

Struvite Control Alternatives

387

(1)

Phosphate Precipitating Agents

388

(1)

Dilution Water

389

(1)

Cleaning Loops

389

(1)

Hydroblasting

389

(1)

Equipment and Pipe Lining Selection

389

(1)

Magnetic and Ultrasonic Treatment

389

(2)

Lagoon Flushing

391

(1)

Controlled Struvite Crystallization (Phosphorus Recovery)

391

(1)

Facility Design

391

(1)

Process Design

392

(3)

Case Studies

395

(1)

Conclusion

395

(1)

References

396

(4)

Laboratory Analyses

Nitrogen

400

(11)

Types

400

(1)

Sampling and Storage

400

(1)

Analyses Methods

401

(1)

Ammonia-Nitrogen

401

(1)

Colorimetric Methods

401

(1)

Titrimetric Methods

402

(1)

Ion Selective Method

402

(1)

Ion Chromatography

403

(1)

Nitrite-Nitrogen

404

(1)

Colorimetric Method

404

(1)

Ion Chromatography

404

(1)

Nitrate-Nitrogen

404

(1)

Nitrate Electrode Screening Method

405

(1)

Chromotropic Acid Method

406

(1)

Ion Chromatography for Nitrite and Nitrate

407

(1)

Organic Nitrogen

408

(1)

Kjeldahl Method

409

(1)

Storage of Samples

409

(1)

Interference

410

(1)

Phosphorus

411

(4)

Types

411

(1)

Sampling and Storage

411

(1)

Analyses Methods

412

(1)

Digestion Methods for Total Phosphorus Analyses

412

(1)

Methods for Orthophosphate Analysis

413

(1)

Vanadomolydophosphoric Acid Colorimetric Method

413

(1)

Ascorbic Acid Method

413

(1)

Ion Chromatography

413

(2)

Short-Chain Volatile Fatty Acid Analysis

415

(1)

Analytical Methods for Short-Chain Volatile Fatty Acid Measurement

416

(1)

References

417

(5)

Optimization and Troubleshooting Techniques

Process Evaluation

422

(1)

Sampling and Testing

422

(40)

Sampling Locations and Techniques

422

(1)

Sampling Plan

422

(1)

Sample Handling

423

(1)

In Situ Sampling

424

(1)

Grab Sampling

424

(3)

Interval Sampling

427

(1)

Composite Sampling

428

(1)

Sample Location

428

(2)

Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids, Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids, Return Activated Sludge, and Waste Activated Sludge

430

(1)

What

430

(1)

Where

431

(1)

Why

431

(1)

When

432

(1)

How

432

(1)

Settleability and Sludge Volume Index

432

(1)

What

432

(1)

Where

433

(1)

Why

433

(1)

When

433

(1)

How

433

(1)

434

(1)

What

434

(1)

Where

434

(1)

Why

434

(1)

When

434

(1)

How

434

(1)

Alkalinity

435

(1)

What

435

(1)

Where

435

(1)

Why

435

(1)

When

435

(1)

How

436

(1)

Temperature

436

(1)

What

436

(1)

Where

436

(1)

Why

436

(1)

When

437

(1)

How

437

(1)

Dissolved Oxygen

437

(1)

What

437

(1)

Why

437

(1)

Where and When

438

(1)

How

438

(1)

Oxidation--Reduction Potential

438

(1)

What

438

(1)

Where

439

(1)

Why

440

(1)

When

440

(1)

How

440

(1)

Ammonia and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen

440

(1)

What

440

(1)

Where

441

(1)

Why

441

(1)

When

441

(1)

How

442

(1)

Nitrite-Nitrogen

442

(1)

What

442

(1)

Where

442

(1)

Why

442

(1)

When

442

(1)

How

442

(1)

Nitrate-Nitrogen

442

(1)

What

442

(1)

Where

442

(1)

Why

443

(1)

When

443

(1)

How

443

(1)

Total Phosphorus

443

(1)

What

443

(1)

When and Where

443

(1)

Why

443

(1)

How

444

(1)

Orthophosphorus

444

(1)

What

444

(1)

When and Where

444

(1)

Why

444

(1)

How

445

(1)

Chemical Oxygen Demand

445

(1)

What

445

(1)

Where

446

(1)

Why

446

(1)

When

446

(1)

How

446

(2)

Volatile Fatty Acids

448

(1)

What

448

(1)

Where

448

(1)

Why

449

(1)

When

449

(1)

How

449

(1)

Soluble Biochemical Oxygen Demand

450

(1)

What

450

(1)

Where

450

(1)

Why

450

(1)

When

451

(1)

How

451

(1)

Nitrification Test

451

(1)

What

451

(1)

Where

451

(1)

Why

451

(1)

When

452

(1)

How

452

(1)

Denitrification Test

453

(1)

What

453

(1)

Where

453

(1)

Why

453

(1)

When

453

(1)

How

454

(1)

Biological Phosphorus Removal Potential Test

454

(1)

What

454

(1)

Where

454

(1)

Why

455

(1)

When

455

(1)

How

455

(1)

Method

455

(1)

Preservation

455

(1)

Analyze

455

(1)

Equipment and Supplies

456

(1)

Reagents and Chemicals

456

(1)

Principle

456

(1)

Preparation of Samples

457

(1)

Considerations

457

(1)

Procedure

458

(1)

Test Evaluation

459

(1)

Microbiological Activity

460

(1)

What

460

(1)

Where

461

(1)

Why

461

(1)

When

462

(1)

How

462

(1)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

462

(3)

Nitrification

462

(1)

Chemical Environment

463

(1)

Solids Retention Time

463

(1)

Performance Indicators

463

(1)

Denitrification

463

(1)

Chemical Environment

464

(1)

Solids Retention Time

464

(1)

Performance Indicators

464

(1)

Biological Phosphorus Removal

464

(1)

Chemical Environment

464

(1)

Solids Retention Time

465

(1)

Performance Indicators

465

(1)

Optimization and Troubleshooting Guides

465

(3)

Overview

465

(1)

Optimization and Troubleshooting Guide Format

466

(1)

Indicator and Observations

466

(1)

Probable Cause

466

(1)

Check or Monitor

466

(1)

Solutions

466

(2)

References

468

(1)

Optimization and Troubleshooting Guides

468

(1)

Case Studies

468

(31)

Wolf Treatment Plant, Shawano, Wisconsin

468

(23)

City of Stevens Point, Wisconsin

491

(1)

City of Dodgeville, Wisconsin

491

(4)

Eastern Water Reclamation Facility, Orange County, Florida

495

(2)

Wastewater Treatment Plant, Stamford, Connecticut

497

(2)

References

499

(6)

Instrumentation and Automated Process Control

Introduction

505

(1)

Online Analyzers

506

(2)

General Considerations

506

(1)

Meters Reproducibility and Accuracy

506

(1)

Instrument Maintenance

507

(1)

Specific Analyzers

508

(13)

Basic Instruments

508

(1)

Total Suspended Solids Meters

509

(1)

Measuring Method

509

(1)

Accuracy and Repeatability

509

(1)

Installation

509

(1)

Maintenance Requirements

510

(1)

Application

510

(1)

Dissolved Oxygen Measurement

510

(1)

Introduction

510

(1)

Membrane Technology

510

(1)

Accuracy and Repeatability

511

(1)

Maintenance

511

(1)

Zullig Technology

511

(1)

Fluorescent and Luminescent Dissolved Oxygen

512

(1)

pH Measurement

512

(1)

Principles of Operation

513

(1)

Accuracy and Repeatability

514

(1)

In-Tank Or Open-Channel Installation

514

(1)

Flow-Through Installation

514

(1)

Maintenance Requirements

515

(1)

Oxidation--Reduction Potential

515

(1)

Introduction

515

(1)

Principle of Operation

515

(1)

Accuracy and Repeatability

515

(1)

Installation

516

(1)

Maintenance Requirements

516

(1)

Application

516

(1)

Advanced Instruments

516

(1)

Ammonia and Ammonium

517

(1)

Measurement

517

(1)

Accuracy and Repeatability

518

(1)

Nitrate and Nitrite

518

(1)

Principle of Operation

518

(1)

Accuracy and Repeatability

519

(1)

Phosphorus and Orthophosphate

519

(1)

Orthophosphate

519

(1)

Total Phosphorus

519

(1)

Installation of Ammonia and Nutrient Analyzers

520

(1)

Maintenance Requirements

520

(1)

Applications

521

(1)

Process Parameters for Optimization and Automatic Control

521

(16)

General Considerations

521

(2)

Selecting Optimum Set Points

523

(1)

Basic Automatic Control

523

(1)

Excess Sludge Flow Control

523

(3)

Improved Calculation Methods

526

(1)

Selecting Sludge Age Target

526

(1)

Maintaining Optimum Sludge Age

527

(1)

Case Studies

528

(1)

Oxnard Trickling Filter Solids Contact Activated Sludge System

528

(1)

Toronto Main Wastewater Treatment Plant

528

(1)

Santa Clara/San Jose Water Pollution Control Plant

529

(3)

Dissolved Oxygen Control for Biological Nutrient Removal Plants

532

(1)

The Need for Good Dissolved Oxygen Control

532

(1)

Challenges

533

(1)

Control Strategies

534

(2)

Control of Chemical Addition

536

(1)

Advanced Control

537

(4)

Ammonia Control

537

(1)

Control of Denitrification

537

(1)

Respirometry

538

(1)

Intermittent Aeration

539

(1)

Sequencing Batch Reactors

540

(1)

COST Model for Control Strategy Development

541

(1)

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System Requirements

541

(10)

General Considerations

541

(1)

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Functions

541

(1)

Continuous Process Control

542

(1)

Programmable Logic Controller and Logic Program

542

(1)

Programmable Logic Controller Programming Software

543

(1)

Data Acquisition

543

(1)

Input/Output Software

543

(1)

Data Highways and Ethernet Communications

543

(1)

Redundancy

544

(1)

Network Mapping and Monitoring

544

(1)

Supervisory Control

544

(1)

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Engine (Core)

544

(1)

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Database

545

(1)

Graphics

545

(1)

Real-Time Trending

545

(1)

Data Integrity

546

(1)

Data Distribution

546

(1)

Distributed Alarming

546

(1)

Historical Collection

547

(1)

Historian Software

547

(1)

Historical Trend Charts

547

(1)

Historical Metric Charts

548

(1)

Information Systems

548

(1)

Reporting

548

(1)

Automated Alarm Notification

548

(1)

Thin Client Software

549

(1)

Server Emulation Sessions

549

(1)

Security

549

(1)

Comprehensive Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System Summary

550

(1)

References

551

(6)

Glossary

557

(28)

Index

585

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Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) Operation in Wastewater Treatment Plants WEF Manual of Practice No. 30

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials