Biology

, by Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B.; Taylor, Martha R.; Simon, Eric J.

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ISBN: 9780131934801 | 0131934805
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Copyright: 1/1/2005

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Students can master key concepts and earn a better grade with the thought-provoking exercises found in this study guide. A wide range of questions and activities help students test their understanding of biology. The Student Study Guide also includes references to student media activities on the Campbell Biology CD-ROM and Website

Biology: Exploring Life

(15)

Essay A Big-Billed Bird Rebounds

(1)

The Scope of Biology

(1)

Life's levels of organization define the scope of biology

(1)

Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs

(1)

Cells are the structural and functional units of life

(1)

Evolution, Unity, and Diversity

(1)

The unity of life: All forms of life have common features

(2)

The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains

(2)

Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life

(1)

The Process of Science

(1)

Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature

(1)

With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses

(2)

Biology and Everyday Life

(1)

Connection Biology is connected to our lives in many ways

(4)

Chapter Review

(3)

UNIT I The Life of the Cell

The Chemical Basis of Life

(16)

Essay Nature's Chemical Language

(2)

Elements, Atoms, and Molecules

(1)

Living organisms are composed of about 25 chemical elements

(1)

Connection Trace elements are common additives to food and water

(1)

Elements can combine to form compounds

(1)

Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons

(1)

Connection Radioactive isotopes can help or harm us

(1)

Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom

(1)

Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge

(1)

Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing

(1)

Unequal electron sharing creates polar molecules

(1)

Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life

(1)

Water's Life-Supporting Properties

(1)

Hydrogen bonds make liquid water cohesive

(1)

Water's hydrogen bonds moderate temperature

(1)

Ice is less dense than liquid water

(1)

Water is the solvent of life

(1)

The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions

(1)

Connection Acid precipitation threatens the environment

(1)

Chemical Reactions

(1)

Chemical reactions change the composition of matter

(3)

Chapter Review

(2)

The Molecules of Cells

(18)

Essay Got Lactose?

(2)

Introduction to Organic Compounds

(1)

Life's molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon

(1)

Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds

(1)

Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules

(1)

Carbohydrates

(1)

Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates

(1)

Cells link two single sugars to form disaccharides

(1)

Connection How sweet is sweet?

(1)

Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units

(1)

Lipids

(1)

Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules

(1)

Phospholipids, waxes, and steroids are lipids with a variety of functions

(1)

Connection Anabolic steroids pose health risks

(1)

Proteins

(1)

Proteins are essential to the structures and activities of life

(1)

Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds

(1)

A protein's specific shape determines its function

(1)

A protein's shape depends on four levels of structure

(2)

Talking About Science Linus Pauling contributed to our understanding of the chemistry of life

(1)

Nucleic Acids

(1)

Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides

(3)

Chapter Review

(2)

A Tour of the Cell

(20)

Essay The Art of Looking at Cells

(2)

Introduction to the Cell

(1)

Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell

(2)

Most cells are microscopic

(1)

Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells

(1)

Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments

(2)

Organelles of the Endomembrane System

(1)

The nucleus is the cell's genetic control center

(1)

Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system

(1)

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a variety of functions

(1)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum makes membrane and proteins

(1)

The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products

(1)

Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell

(1)

Connection Abnormal lysosomes can cause fatal diseases

(1)

Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell

(1)

A review of the endomembrane system

(1)

Energy-Converting Organelles

(1)

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy

(1)

Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food

(1)

The Cytoskeleton and Related Structures

(1)

The cell's internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities

(1)

Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend

(1)

Cell Surfaces and Junctions

(1)

Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells

(1)

Functional Categories of Organelles

(1)

Eukaryotic organelles comprise four functional categories

(3)

Chapter Review

(2)

The Working Cell

(18)

Essay Cool ``Fires'' Attract Mates and Meals

(2)

Energy and the Cell

(1)

Energy is the capacity to perform work

(1)

Two laws govern energy transformations

(1)

Chemical reactions either store or release energy

(1)

ATP shuttles chemical energy and drives cellular work

(1)

How Enzymes Function

(1)

Enzymes speed up the cell's chemical reactions by lowering energy barriers

(1)

A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction

(1)

The cellular environment affects enzyme activity

(1)

Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action

(1)

Connection Many poisons, pesticides, and drugs are enzyme inhibitors

(1)

Membrane Structure and Function

(1)

Membranes organize the chemical activities of cells

(1)

Membrane phospholipids form a bilayer

(1)

The membrane is a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins

(1)

Proteins make the membrane a mosaic of function

(1)

Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane

(1)

Transport proteins may facilitate diffusion across membranes

(1)

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane

(1)

Water balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms

(1)

Cells expend energy for active transport

(1)

Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules

(1)

Connection Faulty membranes can overload the blood with cholesterol

(1)

Chloroplasts and mitochondria make energy available for cellular work

(2)

Chapter Review

(2)

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

(18)

Essay How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter?

(2)

Introduction to Cellular Respiration

(1)

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for life

(1)

Breathing supplies oxygen to our cells and removes carbon dioxide

(1)

Cellular respiration banks energy in ATP molecules

(1)

Connection The human body uses energy from ATP for all its activities

(1)

Cells tap energy from electrons ``falling'' from organic fuels to oxygen

(1)

Stages of Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

(1)

Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages

(1)

Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

(2)

Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle

(1)

The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic fuel, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules

(2)

Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation

(1)

Connection Certain poisons interrupt critical events in cellular respiration

(1)

Review: Each molecule of glucose yields many molecules of ATP

100

(1)

Fermentation is an anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration

101

(1)

Interconnections Between Molecular Breakdown and Synthesis

102

(1)

Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration

102

(1)

Food molecules provide raw materials for biosynthesis

103

(1)

The fuel for respiration ultimately comes from photosynthesis

103

(3)

Chapter Review

104

(2)

Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

106

(18)

Essay Plant Power

106

(2)

An Overview of Photosynthesis

108

(1)

Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere

108

(1)

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts

109

(1)

Plants produce O2 gas by splitting water

110

(1)

Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is cellular respiration

110

(1)

Overview: Photosynthesis occurs in two stages linked by ATP and NADPH

111

(1)

The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy

112

(1)

Visible radiation drives the light reactions

112

(1)

Photosystems capture solar power

113

(1)

In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH

114

(1)

Chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in the light reactions

115

(1)

The Calvin Cycle: Converting CO2 to Sugars

116

(1)

ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle

116

(1)

Photosynthesis Reviewed and Extended

117

(1)

Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy to make food molecules

117

(1)

C4 and CAM plants have special adaptations that save water

118

(1)

Photosynthesis, Solar Radiation, and Earth's Atmosphere

119

(1)

Connection Photosynthesis moderates global warming

119

(1)

Talking About Science Mario Molina talks about Earth's protective ozone layer

120

(4)

Chapter Review

121

(3)

UNIT II Cellular Reproduction and Genetics

The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

124

(28)

Essay Rain Forest Rescue

124

(2)

Connections Between Cell Division and Reproduction

126

(1)

Like begets like, more or less

126

(1)

Cells arise only from preexisting cells

127

(1)

Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission

127

(1)

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis

128

(1)

The large, complex chromosomes of eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division

128

(1)

The cell cycle multiplies cells

129

(1)

Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes

130

(2)

Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells

132

(1)

Anchorage, cell density, and chemical growth factors affect cell division

133

(1)

Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system

134

(1)

Connection Growing out of control, cancer cells produce malignant tumors

135

(1)

Review of the functions of mitosis: Growth, cell replacement, and asexual reproduction

136

(1)

Meiosis and Crossing Over

136

(1)

Chromosomes are matched in homologous pairs

136

(1)

Gametes have a single set of chromosomes

137

(1)

Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid

138

(2)

Review: A comparison of mitosis and meiosis

140

(1)

Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring

141

(1)

Homologous chromosomes carry different versions of genes

142

(1)

Crossing over further increases genetic variability

142

(2)

Alterations of Chromosome Number and Structure

144

(1)

A karyotype is a photographic inventory of an individual's chromosomes

144

(1)

Connection An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome

145

(1)

Accidents during meiosis can alter chromosome number

146

(1)

Connection Abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes do not usually affect survival

147

(1)

Connection Alterations of chromosome structure can cause birth defects and cancer

148

(4)

Chapter Review

149

(3)

Patterns of Inheritance

152

(28)

Essay Purebreds and Mutts---A Difference of Heredity

152

(2)

Mendel's Laws

154

(1)

The science of genetics has ancient roots

154

(1)

Experimental genetics began in an abbey garden

154

(2)

Mendel's law of segregation describes the inheritance of a single characteristic

156

(1)

Homologous chromosomes bear the two alleles for each characteristic

157

(1)

The law of independent assortment is revealed by tracking two characteristics at once

158

(1)

Geneticists use the testcross to determine unknown genotypes

159

(1)

Mendel's laws reflect the rules of probability

160

(1)

Connection Genetic traits in humans can be tracked through family pedigrees

161

(1)

Connection Many inherited disorders in humans are controlled by a single gene

162

(2)

Connection New technologies can provide insight into one's genetic legacy

164

(2)

Variations on Mendel's Laws

166

(1)

The relationship of genotype to phenotype is rarely simple

166

(1)

Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotypes

166

(1)

Many genes have more than two alleles in the population

167

(1)

A single gene may affect many phenotypic characteristics

168

(1)

A single characteristic may be influenced by many genes

169

(1)

The environment affects many characteristics

170

(1)

Connection Genetic testing can detect disease-causing alleles

170

(1)

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

171

(1)

Chromosome behavior accounts for Mendel's laws

171

(1)

Genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together

172

(1)

Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles

172

(2)

Geneticists use crossover data to map genes

174

(1)

Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes

175

(1)

Chromosomes determine sex in many species

175

(1)

Sex-linked genes exhibit a unique pattern of inheritance

176

(1)

Connection Sex-linked disorders affect mostly males

177

(3)

Chapter Review

178

(2)

Molecular Biology of the Gene

180

(28)

Essay Sabotage Inside Our Cells

180

(2)

The Structure of the Genetic Material

182

(1)

Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material

182

(2)

DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides

184

(2)

DNA is a double-stranded helix

186

(2)

DNA Replication

188

(1)

DNA replication depends on specific base pairing

188

(1)

DNA replication: A closer look

189

(1)

The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein

190

(1)

The DNA genotype is expressed as proteins, which provide the molecular basis for phenotypic traits

190

(1)

Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences

191

(1)

The genetic code is the Rosetta stone of life

192

(1)

Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA

193

(1)

Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus

194

(1)

Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation

194

(2)

Ribosomes build polypeptides

196

(1)

An initiation codon marks the start of an mRNA message

196

(1)

Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation

197

(1)

Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA → RNA → protein

198

(1)

Mutations can change the meaning of genes

199

(1)

Microbial Genetics

200

(1)

Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome

200

(1)

Connection Many viruses cause disease in animals

201

(1)

Connection Plant viruses are serious agricultural pests

202

(1)

Connection Emerging viruses threaten human health

202

(1)

The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template

203

(1)

Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways

204

(1)

Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer

205

(3)

Chapter Review

206

(2)

The Control of Gene Expression

208

(22)

Essay To Clone or Not to Clone?

208

(2)

Gene Regulation

210

(1)

Proteins interacting with DNA turn prokaryotic genes on or off in response to environmental changes

210

(2)

Differentiation yields a variety of cell types, each expressing a different combination of genes

212

(1)

Differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential

212

(1)

DNA packing in eukaryotic chromosomes helps regulate gene expression

213

(1)

In female mammals, one X chromosome is inactive in each cell

214

(1)

Complex assemblies of proteins control eukaryotic transcription

214

(1)

Eukaryotic RNA may be spliced in more than one way

215

(1)

Translation and later stages of gene expression are also subject to regulation

216

(1)

Review: Multiple mechanisms regulate gene expression in eukaryotes

217

(1)

Animal Cloning

218

(1)

Nuclear transplantation can be used to clone animals

218

(1)

Connection Reproductive cloning has valuable applications, but human reproductive cloning raises ethical issues

218

(1)

Connection Therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells with great medical potential

219

(1)

The Genetic Control of Embryonic Development

220

(1)

Cascades of gene expression and cell-to-cell signaling direct the development of an animal

220

(1)

Signal transduction pathways convert messages received at the cell surface to responses within the cell

221

(1)

Key developmental genes are very ancient

222

(1)

The Genetic Basis of Cancer

222

(1)

Cancer results from mutations in genes that control cell division

222

(2)

Oncogene proteins and faulty tumor-suppressor proteins can interfere with normal signal transduction pathways

224

(1)

Multiple genetic changes underlie the development of cancer

225

(1)

Talking About Science Mary-Claire King discusses mutations that cause breast cancer

226

(1)

Connection Avoiding carcinogens can reduce the risk of cancer

227

(3)

Chapter Review

228

(2)

DNA Technology and Genomics

230

(24)

Essay DNA and Crime Scene Investigations

230

(2)

Bacterial Plasmids and Gene Cloning

232

(1)

Plasmids are used to customize bacteria: An overview

232

(1)

Enzymes are used to ``cut and paste'' DNA

233

(1)

Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids: A closer look

234

(1)

Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries

235

(1)

Reverse transcriptase helps make genes for cloning

235

(1)

Connection Recombinant cells and organisms can mass-produce gene products

236

(1)

Connection DNA technology is changing the pharmaceutical industry and medicine

237

(1)

Restriction Fragment Analysis and DNA Fingerprinting

238

(1)

Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific genes

238

(1)

Connection DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once

238

(1)

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size

239

(1)

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms can be used to detect differences in DNA sequences

240

(2)

Connection DNA technology is used in courts of law

242

(1)

Connection Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases

243

(1)

The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences

244

(1)

Genomics

244

(1)

Connection The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology

244

(1)

Most of the human genome does not consist of genes

245

(1)

Connection The science of genomics compares whole genomes

246

(1)

Genetically Modified Organisms

247

(1)

Connection Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture

247

(1)

Connection Could GM organisms harm human health or the environment?

248

(1)

Talking About Science Genomics researcher Eric Lander discusses the Human Genome Project

249

(5)

Chapter Review

249

(5)

UNIT III Concepts of Evolution

Populations Evolve

254

(24)

Essay Clown, Fool, or Simply Well Adapted?

254

(2)

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

256

(1)

A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of evolution

256

(2)

Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

258

(2)

The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution

260

(2)

A mass of other evidence reinforces the evolutionary view of life

262

(2)

Connection Scientists can observe natural selection in action

264

(1)

Population Genetics and The Modern Synthesis

265

(1)

Populations are the units of evolution

265

(1)

The gene pool of a nonevolving population remains constant over the generations

266

(1)

Connection The Hardy-Weinberg equation is useful in public health science

267

(1)

In addition to natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow can contribute to evolution

268

(1)

Connection Endangered species often have reduced variation

269

(1)

Variation and Natural Selection

270

(1)

Variation is extensive in most populations

270

(1)

Mutation and sexual recombination generate variation

270

(2)

Connection The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a serious public health concern

272

(1)

Diploidy and balancing selection preserve variation

272

(1)

The perpetuation of genes defines evolutionary fitness

273

(1)

Natural selection can alter variation in a population in three ways

274

(1)

Sexual selection may produce sexual dimorphism

275

(1)

Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms

275

(3)

Chapter Review

276

(2)

The Origin of Species

278

(18)

Essay Mosquito Mystery

278

(2)

The origin of species is the source of biological diversity

280

(1)

Concepts of Species

280

(1)

What is a species?

280

(2)

Reproductive barriers keep species separate

282

(2)

Mechanisms of Speciation

284

(1)

Geographic isolation can lead to speciation

284

(1)

Reproductive barriers may evolve as populations diverge

285

(1)

New species can arise within the same geographic area as the parent species

286

(1)

Connection Polyploid plants clothe and feed us

287

(1)

Adaptive radiation may occur in new or newly vacated habitats

288

(1)

Talking About Science Peter and Rosemary Grant study the evolution of Darwin's finches

289

(1)

The tempo of speciation can appear steady or jumpy

290

(1)

Macroevolution

291

(1)

Evolutionary novelties may arise in several ways

291

(1)

Genes that control development are important in evolution

292

(1)

Evolutionary trends do not mean that evolution is goal directed

293

(3)

Chapter Review

294

(2)

Tracing Evolutionary History

296

(18)

Essay Are Birds Really Dinosaurs with Feathers?

296

(2)

Macroevolution and Earth's History

298

(1)

The fossil record chronicles macroevolution

298

(1)

The actual ages of rocks and fossils mark geologic time

299

(1)

Continental drift has played a major role in macro-evolution

300

(2)

Connection Tectonic trauma imperils local life

302

(1)

Mass extinctions were followed by diversification of life-forms

302

(2)

Phylogeny and Systematics

304

(1)

Phylogenies are based on homologies in fossils and living organisms

304

(1)

Systematics connects classification with evolutionary history

304

(2)

Cladograms are diagrams based on shared characters among species

306

(2)

Molecular biology is a powerful tool in systematics

308

(2)

Arranging life into kingdoms is a work in progress

310

(4)

Chapter Review

311

(3)

UNIT IV The Evolution of Biological Diversity

The Origin and Evolution of Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists

314

(28)

Essay How Ancient Bacteria Changed the World

314

(2)

Early Earth and the Origin of Life

316

(1)

Life began on a young Earth

316

(2)

How did life originate?

318

(1)

Talking About Science Stanley Miller's experiments showed that organic molecules could have arisen on a lifeless Earth

318

(2)

The first polymers may have formed on hot rocks or clay

320

(1)

The first genetic material and enzymes may both have been RNA

320

(1)

Membrane-enclosed molecular cooperatives may have preceded the first cells

321

(1)

Prokaryotes

322

(1)

Prokaryotes have inhabited Earth for billions of years

322

(1)

Bacteria and archaea are the two main branches of prokaryotic evolution

322

(1)

Prokaryotes come in a variety of shapes

323

(1)

Various structural features contribute to the success of prokaryotes

324

(2)

Prokaryotes obtain nourishment in a variety of ways

326

(1)

Archaea thrive in extreme environments-and in other habitats

327

(1)

Bacteria include a diverse assemblage of prokaryotes

328

(1)

Connection Some bacteria cause disease

329

(1)

Connection Bacteria can be used as biological weapons

330

(1)

Connection Prokaryotes help recycle chemicals and clean up the environment

330

(2)

Protists

332

(1)

The eukaryotic cell probably originated as a community of prokaryotes

332

(1)

Protists are an extremely diverse assortment of eukaryotes

333

(1)

A tentative phylogeny of eukaryotes includes multiple clades of protists

334

(1)

Diplomonads and euglenozoans include some flagellated parasites

334

(1)

Alveolates have sacs beneath the plasma membrane and include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates

335

(1)

Stramenopiles are named for their ``hairy'' flagella and include the water molds, diatoms, and brown algae

336

(1)

Amoebozoans have pseudopodia and include amoebas and slime molds

337

(1)

Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants

338

(1)

Multicellularity evolved several times in eukaryotes

339

(3)

Chapter Review

340

(2)

Plants, Fungi, and the Colonization of Land

342

(24)

Essay Plants and Fungi-A Beneficial Partnership

342

(2)

Plant Evolution and Diversity

344

(1)

Plants evolved from green algae

344

(1)

Plants have adaptations for life on land

344

(2)

Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom

346

(2)

Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles

348

(1)

Haploid and diploid generations alternate in plant life cycles

348

(1)

Mosses have a dominant gametophyte

348

(1)

Ferns, like most plants, have a dominant sporophyte

349

(1)

Seedless plants dominated vast ``coal forests''

350

(1)

A pine tree is a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes in its cones

350

(2)

The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm reproduction

352

(1)

The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers

352

(2)

The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal

354

(1)

Connection Agriculture is based almost entirely on angiosperms

354

(1)

Interactions with animals have profoundly influenced angiosperm evolution

355

(1)

Connection Plant diversity is a nonrenewable resource

356

(1)

Fungi

357

(1)

Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies

357

(1)

Fungi produce spores in both asexual and sexual life cycles

358

(1)

Fungi can be classified into five groups

358

(2)

Fungal groups differ in their life cycles and reproductive structures

360

(1)

Connection Parasitic fungi harm plants and animals

361

(1)

Lichens consist of fungi living mutualistically with photosynthetic organisms

362

(1)

Fungi also form mutualistic relationships with animals

362

(1)

Connection Fungi have enormous ecological benefits and practical uses

363

(3)

Chapter Review

364

(2)

The Evolution of Animal Diversity

366

(32)

Essay What Am I?

366

(2)

Animal Evolution and Diversity

368

(1)

What is an animal?

368

(1)

The ancestor of animals was probably a colonial, flagellated protist

369

(1)

Animals can be characterized by basic features of their ``body plan''

370

(1)

The body plans of animals can be used to build phylogenetic trees

371

(1)

Invertebrates

372

(1)

Sponges have a relatively simple, porous body

372

(1)

Cnidarians are radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells

373

(1)

Flatworms are the simplest bilateral animals

374

(1)

Nematodes have a pseudocoelom and a complete digestive tract

375

(1)

Diverse molluscs are variations on a common body plan

376

(2)

Annelids are segmented worms

378

(2)

Arthropods are segmented animals with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton

380

(2)

Insects are the most diverse group of organisms

382

(2)

Echinoderms have spiny skin, an endoskeleton, and a water vascular system for movement

384

(1)

Our own phylum, Chordata, is distinguished by four features

385

(1)

Vertebrates

386

(1)

Derived characters define the major clades of chordates

386

(1)

Lampreys are vertebrates that lack hinged jaws

387

(1)

Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins include sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-fins

388

(1)

Amphibians were the first tetrapods-vertebrates with two pairs of limbs

389

(1)

Reptiles are amniotes-tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg

390

(1)

Birds are feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight

391

(1)

Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk

392

(1)

Animal Phylogeny and Diversity Revisited

393

(1)

An animal phylogenetic tree is a work in progress

393

(1)

Connection Humans threaten animal diversity by introducing non-native species

394

(4)

Chapter Review

395

(3)

Human Evolution

398

(14)

Essay How Are We Related to the Neanderthals?

398

(2)

Primate Diversity

400

(1)

The human story begins with our primate heritage

400

(2)

Hominoids include humans and four other groups of apes

402

(1)

Hominid Evolution

403

(1)

The human branch of the primate tree is only a few million years old

403

(1)

Upright posture evolved well before an enlarged brain in hominids

404

(1)

Larger brains and reduced sexual dimorphism mark the evolution of Homo

404

(1)

When and where did Homo sapiens arise?

405

(1)

Connection Human skin colors reflect adaptations to varying amounts of sunlight

406

(1)

Connection A genetic difference helped humans start speaking

406

(1)

Our Cultural History and Its Consequences

407

(1)

Culture gives humans enormous power to change the environment

407

(1)

Scavenging, gathering, and hunting were the earliest human endeavors

407

(1)

Agriculture was a major development in human history

408

(1)

Development of complex tools affects human culture and the world

408

(4)

Chapter Review

409

(3)

UNIT V Animals: Form and Function

Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

412

(16)

Essay Climbing the Walls

412

(2)

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization in an Animal

414

(1)

Structure fits function in the animal body

414

(1)

Animal structure has a hierarchy

415

(1)

Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function

415

(1)

Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities

416

(1)

Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues

417

(1)

Muscle tissue functions in movement

418

(1)

Nervous tissue forms a communication network

418

(1)

Connection Artificial tissues have medical uses

419

(1)

Organs are made up of tissues

419

(1)

Organ systems work together to perform life's functions

420

(2)

Connection New imaging technology reveals the inner body

422

(2)

Exchanges with the External Environment

424

(1)

Structural adaptations enhance exchange between animals and their environment

424

(1)

Animals regulate their internal environment

425

(1)

Homeostasis depends on negative feedback

426

(2)

Chapter Review

426

(2)

Nutrition and Digestion

428

(24)

Essay Getting Their Fill of Krill

428

(2)

Obtaining and Processing Food

430

(1)

Animals ingest their food in a variety of ways

430

(1)

Overview: Food processing occurs in four stages

431

(1)

Digestion occurs in specialized compartments

432

(1)

Human Digestive System

433

(1)

The human digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands

433

(1)

Digestion begins in the oral cavity

434

(1)

The food and breathing passages both open into the pharynx

434

(1)

Connection The Heimlich maneuver can save lives

435

(1)

The esophagus squeezes food along to the stomach by peristalsis

435

(1)

The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes

436

(1)

Connection Bacterial infections can cause ulcers

437

(1)

The small intestine is the major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

438

(2)

The large intestine reclaims water and compacts the feces

440

(1)

Diets and Digestive Adaptations

440

(1)

Adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems reflect diet

440

(2)

Nutrition

442

(1)

Overview: A healthy diet satisfies three needs

442

(1)

Chemical energy powers the body

442

(1)

An animal's diet must supply essential nutrients

443

(1)

Connection Vegetarians must be sure to obtain all eight essential amino acids

443

(1)

A healthy diet includes 13 vitamins

444

(1)

Essential minerals are required for many body functions

445

(1)

Connection Do you need to take vitamin and mineral supplements?

446

(1)

Connection What do food labels tell us?

446

(1)

Connection Obesity is a human health problem

447

(1)

Connection What are the health risks and benefits of fad diets?

448

(1)

Connection Diet can influence cardiovascular disease and cancer

449

(3)

Chapter Review

450

(2)

Gas Exchange

452

(14)

Essay Surviving in Thin Air

452

(2)

Mechanisms of Gas Exchange

454

(1)

Overview: Gas exchange involves breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells

454

(1)

Animals exchange O2 and CO2 across moist body surfaces

454

(2)

Gills are adapted for gas exchange in aquatic environments

456

(1)

The tracheal system of insects provides direct exchange between the air and body cells

457

(1)

Terrestrial vertebrates have lungs

458

(1)

Connection Smoking is a deadly assault on our respiratory system

459

(1)

Breathing ventilates the lungs

460

(1)

Breathing is automatically controlled

461

(1)

Transport of Gases in the Body

462

(1)

Blood transports respiratory gases

462

(1)

Hemoglobin carries O2 and helps transport CO2 and buffer the blood

462

(1)

Connection The human fetus exchanges gases with the mother's bloodstream

463

(3)

Chapter Review

464

(2)

Circulation

466

(18)

Essay How Does Gravity Affect Blood Circulation?

466

(2)

The circulatory system connects with all body tissues

468

(1)

Mechanisms of Internal Transport

468

(1)

Several types of internal transport have evolved in animals

468

(2)

Vertebrate cardiovascular systems reflect evolution

470

(1)

The Mammalian Cardiovascular System

471

(1)

The human heart and cardiovascular system are typical of mammals

471

(1)

The structure of blood vessels fits their functions

472

(1)

The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically

472

(1)

The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat

473

(1)

Connection What is a heart attack?

474

(1)

Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls

475

(1)

Connection Measuring blood pressure can reveal cardiovascular problems

476

(1)

Smooth muscle controls the distribution of blood

477

(1)

Capillaries allow the transfer of substances through their walls

478

(1)

Structure and Function of Blood

479

(1)

Blood consists of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma

479

(1)

Connection Too few or too many red blood cells can be unhealthy

480

(1)

Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are injured

480

(1)

Connection Stem cells offer a potential cure for blood cell diseases

481

(3)

Chapter Review

482

(2)

The Immune System

484

(20)

Essay An AIDS Uproar

484

(2)

Innate Defenses Against Infection

486

(1)

Innate defenses against infection include the skin and mucous membranes, phagocytic cells, and antimicrobial proteins

486

(1)

The inflammatory response mobilizes nonspecific defense forces

487

(1)

The lymphatic system becomes a crucial battleground during infection

488

(1)

Acquired Immunity

489

(1)

The immune response counters specific invaders

489

(1)

Lymphocytes mount a dual defense

490

(1)

Antigens have specific regions where antibodies bind to them

491

(1)

Clonal selection musters defensive forces against specific antigens

492

(2)

Antibodies are the weapons of humoral immunity

494

(1)

Antibodies mark antigens for elimination

495

(1)

Connection Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic

496

(1)

Helper T cells stimulate humoral and cell-mediated immunity

497

(1)

Connection HIV destroys helper T cells, compromising the body's defenses

498

(1)

Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells

499

(1)

Cytotoxic T cells may help prevent cancer

499

(1)

The immune system depends on our molecular fingerprints

500

(1)

Disorders of the Immune System

500

(1)

Connection Malfunction or failure of the immune system causes disease

500

(1)

Connection Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens

501

(3)

Chapter Review

502

(2)

Control of the Internal Environment

504

(14)

Essay Let Sleeping Bears Lie

504

(2)

Thermoregulation

506

(1)

Heat is gained or lost in four ways

506

(1)

Thermoregulation involves adaptations that balance heat gain and loss

506

(1)

Reducing metabolic rate and body temperature saves energy

507

(1)

Osmoregulation and Excretion

508

(1)

Osmoregulation: Animals balance the gain and loss of water and solutes

508

(1)

Connection Do we need to drink eight glasses of water each day?

509

(1)

Animals must dispose of nitrogenous wastes

510

(1)

The liver performs many functions, including the production of urea

511

(1)

Connection Alcohol consumption can damage the liver

511

(1)

The excretory system plays several major roles in homeostasis

512

(1)

Overview: The key processes of the excretory system are filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion

513

(1)

From blood filtrate to urine: A closer look

514

(1)

Connection Kidney dialysis can be a lifesaver

515

(3)

Chapter Review

516

(2)

Chemical Regulation

518

(16)

Essay Testosterone and Male Aggression: Is There a Link?

518

(2)

The Nature of Chemical Regulation

520

(1)

Chemical signals coordinate body functions

520

(1)

Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms

521

(1)

The Vertebrate Endocrine System

522

(1)

Overview: The vertebrate endocrine system

522

(2)

The hypothalamus, closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems

524

(2)

Hormones and Homeostasis

526

(1)

The thyroid regulates development and metabolism

526

(1)

Hormones from the thyroid and the parathyroids maintain calcium homeostasis

526

(2)

Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose levels

528

(1)

Connection Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder

529

(1)

The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress

530

(1)

Connection Glucocorticoids offer relief from pain, but not without serious risks

531

(1)

The gonads secrete sex hormones

532

(2)

Chapter Review

532

(2)

Reproduction and Embryonic Development

534

(14)

Essay Baby Bonanza

534

(2)

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

536

(1)

Sexual and asexual reproduction are both common among animals

536

(2)

Human Reproduction

538

(1)

Reproductive anatomy of the human female

538

(2)

Reproductive anatomy of the human male

540

(2)

The formation of sperm and ova requires meiosis

542

(2)

Hormones synchronize cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus

544

(2)

The human sexual response occurs in four phases

546

(1)

Connection Sexual activity can transmit disease

546

(1)

Connection Contraception can prevent unwanted pregnancy

547

(1)

Principles of Embryonic Development

548

(16)

Fertilization results in a zygote and triggers embryonic development

548

(2)

Cleavage produces a ball of cells from the zygote

550

(1)

Gastrulation produces a three-layered embryo

550

(2)

Organs start to form after gastrulation

552

(2)

Changes in cell shape, cell migration, and programmed cell death give form to the developing animal

554

(1)

Embryonic induction initiates organ formation

554

(1)

Pattern formation organizes the animal body

555

(1)

Human Development

556

(1)

The embryo and placenta take shape during the first month of pregnancy

556

(2)

Human development from conception to birth is divided into three trimesters

558

(2)

Childbirth is hormonally induced and occurs in three stages

560

(1)

Connection Reproductive technology increases our reproductive options

561

(3)

Chapter Review

562

(2)

Nervous Systems

564

(24)

Essay Can an Injured Spinal Cord Be Fixed?

564

(2)

Nervous System Structure and Function

566

(1)

Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands

566

(1)

Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems

567

(1)

Nerve Signals and Their Transmission

568

(1)

A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane

568

(1)

A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential

568

(2)

The action potential propagates itself along the neuron

570

(1)

Neurons communicate at synapses

571

(1)

Chemical synapses make complex information processing possible

572

(1)

A variety of small molecules function as neurotransmitters

572

(1)

Connection Many drugs act at chemical synapses

573

(1)

An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems

574

(1)

Nervous system organization usually correlates with body symmetry

574

(1)

Vertebrate nervous systems are highly centralized and cephalized

575

(1)

The peripheral nervous system of vertebrates is a functional hierarchy

576

(1)

Opposing actions of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons regulate the internal environment

576

(2)

The vertebrate brain develops from three anterior bulges of the neural tube

578

(1)

The Human Brain

578

(1)

The structure of a living supercomputer: The human brain

578

(2)

The cerebral cortex is a mosaic of specialized, interactive regions

580

(1)

Connection Injuries and brain operations provide insight into brain function

581

(1)

Several parts of the brain regulate sleep and arousal

582

(1)

The limbic system is involved in emotions, memory, and learning

583

(1)

Connection Changes in brain physiology can produce neurological disorders

584

(4)

Chapter Review

586

(2)

The Senses

588

(6)

Essay An Animal's Senses Guide Its Movement

588

(2)

Sensory inputs become sensations and perceptions in the brain

590

(1)

Sensory Reception

590

(1)

Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to action potentials

590

(2)

Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli

592

(2)

Vision

594

(10)

Several types of eyes have evolved among invertebrates

594

(1)

Vertebrates have single-lens eyes

594

(1)

To focus, a lens changes position or shape

595

(1)

Connection Artificial lenses or surgery can correct focusing problems

596

(1)

Our photoreceptors are rods and cones

597

(1)

Hearing and Balance

598

(1)

The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials that are perceived as sound

598

(2)

The inner ear houses our organs of balance

600

(1)

Connection What causes motion sickness?

600

(1)

Taste and Smell

601

(1)

Taste and odor receptors detect chemicals present in solution or air

601

(1)

Connection Our sense of taste may change as we age

601

(1)

Review: The central nervous system couples stimulus with response

602

(2)

Chapter Review

602

(2)

How Animals Move

604

(18)

Essay Elephants Do the ``Groucho Gait''

604

(2)

Movement and Locomotion

606

(1)

Diverse means of animal locomotion have evolved

606

(2)

Skeletal Support

608

(1)

Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection

608

(2)

The human skeleton is a unique variation on an ancient theme

610

(1)

Bones are complex living organs

611

(1)

Connection Broken bones can heal themselves

612

(1)

Connection Weak, brittle bones are a serious health problem, even in young people

612

(1)

Muscle Contraction and Movement

613

(1)

The skeleton and muscles interact in movement

613

(1)

Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus

614

(1)

A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments

614

(2)

Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction

616

(1)

Connection Athletic training increases strength and endurance

617

(1)

The structure-function theme underlies all the parts and activities of an animal

618

(4)

Chapter Review

619

(3)

UNIT VI Plants: Form and Function

Plant Structure, Reproduction, and Development

622

(22)

Essay A Gentle Giant

622

(2)

Talking About Science Plant scientist Natasha Raikhel studies the Arabidopsis plant as a model biological system

624

(1)

Plant Structure and Function

625

(1)

The two main groups of angiosperms are the monocots and the dicots

625

(1)

A typical plant body consists of roots and shoots

626

(1)

Many plants have modified roots, stems, and leaves

627

(1)

Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function

628

(2)

Three tissue systems make up the plant body

630

(2)

Plant Growth

632

(1)

Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots

632

(2)

Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants

634

(2)

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

636

(1)

Overview: The sexual life cycle of a flowering plant

636

(1)

The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization

636

(2)

The ovule develops into a seed

638

(1)

The ovary develops into a fruit

639

(1)

Seed germination continues the life cycle

640

(1)

Asexual reproduction produces plant clones

641

(1)

Connection Asexual reproduction is a mainstay of modern agriculture

642

(2)

Chapter Review

642

(2)

Plant Nutrition and Transport

644

(18)

Essay Plants That Clean Up Poisons

644

(2)

The Uptake and Transport of Plant Nutrients

646

(1)

Plants acquire their nutrients from soil and air

646

(1)

The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake

647

(1)

Transpiration pulls water up xylem vessels

648

(1)

Guard cells control transpiration

649

(1)

Phloem transports sugars

650

(2)

Plant Nutrients and the Soil

652

(1)

Plant health depends on a complete diet of essential inorganic nutrients

652

(1)

Connection You can diagnose some nutrient deficiencies in your own plants

653

(1)

Fertile soil supports plant growth

654

(1)

Connection Soil conservation is essential to human life

655

(1)

Connection Organic farmers must follow ecological principles

656

(1)

Connection Agricultural research is improving the yields and nutritional values of crops

656

(1)

Plant Nutrition and Symbiosis

657

(1)

Fungi help most plants absorb nutrients from the soil

657

(1)

Most plants depend on bacteria to supply nitrogen

658

(1)

Legumes and certain other plants house nitrogen-fixing bacteria

658

(1)

The plant kingdom includes parasites and carnivores

659

(3)

Chapter Review

660

(2)

Control Systems in Plants

662

(20)

Essay What Are the Health Benefits of Soy?

662

(2)

Plant Hormones

664

(1)

Experiments on how plants turn toward light led to the discovery of a plant hormone

664

(2)

Five major types of hormones regulate plant growth and development

666

(1)

Auxin stimulates the elongation of cells in young shoots

666

(2)

Cytokinins stimulate cell division

668

(1)

Gibberellins affect stem elongation and have numerous other effects

668

(1)

Abscisic acid inhibits many plant processes

669

(1)

Ethylene triggers fruit ripening and other aging processes

670

(1)

Connection Plant hormones have many agricultural uses

671

(1)

Growth Responses and Biological Rhythms in Plants

672

(1)

Tropisms orient plant growth toward or away from environmental stimuli

672

(1)

Plants have internal clocks

673

(1)

Plants mark the seasons by measuring photoperiod

674

(1)

Phytochrome is a light detector that may help set the biological clock

675

(1)

Talking About Science Joanne Chory studies the effects of light and hormones in the model plant Arabidopsis

676

(1)

Plant Defenses

676

(1)

Defenses against herbivores and infectious microbes have evolved in plants

676

(2)

Talking About Science Plant biochemist Eloy Rodriguez studies how animals use defensive chemicals made by plants

678

(4)

Chapter Review

678

(4)

UNIT VII Ecology

Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth's Diverse Environments

682

(20)

Essay A Mysterious Giant of the Deep

682

(2)

Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment at several levels

684

(1)

The Biosphere

684

(1)

The biosphere is the total of all of Earth's ecosystems

684

(1)

Connection Environmental problems reveal the limits of the biosphere

685

(1)

Physical and chemical factors influence life in the biosphere

686

(1)

Organisms are adapted to abiotic and biotic factors by natural selection

687

(1)

Regional climate influences the distribution of biological communities

688

(2)

Aquatic Biomes

690

(1)

Oceans occupy most of Earth's surface

690

(2)

Freshwater biomes include lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and wetlands

692

(1)

Terrestrial Biomes

693

(1)

Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variations in climate

693

(1)

Tropical forests cluster near the equator

694

(1)

Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees

694

(1)

Deserts are defined by their dryness

695

(1)

Spiny shrubs dominate the chaparral

696

(1)

Temperate grasslands include the North American prairie

696

(1)

Broadleaf trees dominate temperate forests

697

(1)

Coniferous forests are often dominated by a few species of trees

698

(1)

Long, bitter-cold winters characterize the tundra

698

(1)

Talking About Science Ecologist Ariel Lugo studies tropical forests in Puerto Rico

699

(3)

Chapter Review

700

(2)

Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment

702

(12)

Essay Leaping Herds of Herbivores

702

(2)

The Scientific Study of Behavior

704

(1)

Behavioral ecologists ask both proximate and ultimate questions

704

(1)

Early behaviorists used experiments to study fixed action patterns

705

(1)

Behavior is the result of both genes and environmental factors

706

(1)

Learning

707

(1)

Learning ranges from simple behavioral changes to complex problem solving

707

(1)

Imprinting is learning that involves innate behavior and experience

708

(1)

Connection Imprinting poses problems and opportunities for conservation programs

709

(1)

Animal movement may be a simple response to stimuli or involve spatial learning

710

(1)

Movements of animals may depend on internal maps

711

(1)

Animals may learn to associate a stimulus or behavior with a response

712

(1)

Social learning involves observation and imitation of others

712

(1)

Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition

713

(1)

Foraging and Mating Behaviors

714

(12)

Behavioral ecologists use cost-benefit analysis in studying foraging

714

(1)

Mating behaviors enhance reproductive success

715

(1)

Mating behavior often involves elaborate courtship rituals

716

(1)

Social Behavior and Sociobiology

717

(1)

Sociobiology places social behavior in an evolutionary context

717

(1)

Territorial behavior parcels space and resources

717

(1)

Rituals involving agonistic behavior often resolve confrontations between competitors

718

(1)

Dominance hierarchies are maintained by agonistic behavior

718

(1)

Talking About Science Behavioral biologist Jane Goodall discusses dominance hierarchies and reconciliation behavior in chimpanzees

719

(1)

Social behavior requires communication between animals

720

(1)

Altruistic acts can often be explained by the concept of inclusive fitness

721

(1)

Connection Both genes and culture contribute to human social behavior

722

(1)

Talking About Science Edward O. Wilson promoted the field of sociobiology and is a leading conservation activist

723

(3)

Chapter Review

724

(2)

Population Dynamics

726

(16)

Population ecology studies how and why populations change

728

(1)

Population Structure and Dynamics

728

(1)

Density and dispersion patterns are important population variables

728

(1)

Life tables track mortality and survivorship in populations

729

(1)

Idealized models help us understand population growth

730

(2)

Multiple factors may limit population growth

732

(1)

Some populations have ``boom-and-bust'' cycles

733

(1)

Life Histories and Their Evolution

734

(1)

Evolution shapes life histories

734

(1)

Connection Principles of population ecology have practical applications

735

(1)

The Human Population

736

(1)

Connection Human population growth has started to slow after centuries of exponential increase

736

(2)

Birth and death rates and age structure affect population growth

738

(4)

Chapter Review

740

(2)

Communities and Ecosystems

742

(22)

Structural Features of Communities

744

(1)

A community includes all the organisms inhabiting a particular area

744

(1)

Competition may occur when a shared resource is limited

745

(1)

Predation leads to diverse adaptations in both predator and prey

746

(1)

Predation can maintain diversity in a community

747

(1)

Herbivores and the plants they eat have various adaptations

748

(1)

Symbiotic relationships help structure communities

748

(2)

Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities

750

(1)

Talking About Science Fire specialist Max Moritz discusses the role of fire in ecosystems

751

(1)

Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics

752

(1)

Food chains interconnect, forming food webs

753

(1)

Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics

754

(1)

Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling

754

(1)

Primary production sets the energy budget for ecosystems

754

(1)

Energy supply limits the length of food chains

755

(1)

Connection A production pyramid explains why meat is a luxury for humans

756

(1)

Chemicals are recycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs

756

(1)

Water moves through the biosphere in a global cycle

757

(1)

The carbon cycle depends on photosynthesis and respiration

758

(1)

The nitrogen cycle relies heavily on bacteria

758

(1)

The phosphorus cycle depends on the weathering of rock

759

(1)

Ecosystem Alteration

760

(1)

Connection Ecosystem alteration can upset chemical cycling

760

(1)

Talking About Science David Schindler talks about the effects of nutrients on freshwater ecosystems

761

(3)

Chapter Review

762

(2)

Conservation Biology

764

(18)

Essay Saving the Tiger

764

(2)

The Biodiversity Crisis: An Overview

766

(1)

Human activities threaten Earth's biodiversity

766

(1)

Biodiversity is vital to human welfare

767

(1)

Habitat destruction, introduced species, and overexploitation are the major threats to biodiversity

768

(1)

Connection Pollution of the environment compounds our impact on other species

769

(1)

Connection Rapid global warming could alter the entire biosphere

770

(2)

Conservation of Populations and Species

772

(1)

Two ways to study endangered populations are the small-population approach and the declining-population approach

772

(1)

Identifying critical habitat factors can guide conservation efforts

773

(1)

Managing and Restoring Ecosystems

774

(1)

Sustaining ecosystems and landscapes is a conservation priority

774

(1)

Protected areas are established to slow the loss of biodiversity

775

(1)

Connection The Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative seeks to preserve biodiversity by connecting protected areas

776

(2)

The study of how to restore degraded habitats is a developing science

778

(1)

Connection The Kissimmee River project is a case study in restoration ecology

779

(1)

Zoned reserves are an attempt to reverse ecosystem disruption

780

(1)

Sustainable development is an ultimate goal

781

(1)

Chapter Review

782

(1)

Appendix 1 Metric Conversion Table

Appendix 2 The Amino Acids of Proteins

Appendix 3 Chapter Review Answers

Appendix 4 Credits

Glossary

Index

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Biology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials