The Biology and Practice of Current Nutritional Support, Second Edition

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ISBN: 9781570595950 | 157059595X
Cover: Spiral Bound
Copyright: 1/1/2003

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Univ. of Arizona, Tucson. Pocket-sized manual provides guidelines and methods for assessing and monitoring nutritional status for those needing intravenous and enteral nutritional support. Defines laparoscopic placement of feeding tubes and the use of various nutritional substrates administered in clinical settings. Previous edition not cited. Wire-spiral binding.

Foreword

xvii

1. Clinical Implications of Carbohydrate, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins and Trace Elements in Nutrition Support

(16)

Larry H. Bernstein

Overview

(1)

Stress Hypermetabolism and the Nutritionally-Dependent Adaptive Dichotomy

(1)

Energy Requirements of Injured Man

(3)

Nutritional Requirements

(2)

Clinical vs. Laboratory Information

(2)

Information Model

(1)

Length of Stay (LOS)

(1)

Improving Correction of Malnutrition

(1)

Nutrition Support Monitoring

(1)

Quality Management

(4)

2. Current Nutrient Substrates

(35)

Wendy Swails Bollinger, Timothy J. Babineau and George L. Blackburn

Introduction

(1)

Hepatic Disease and Stress: Branched-Chain Amino Acid Enriched Diets

(7)

Arginine

(3)

Glutamine

(6)

Nucleotides

(2)

Lipids

(8)

Conclusion

(9)

3. Biochemistry of Amino Acids: Clinical Implications

(11)

Rifat Latifi, Khawaja Aizimuddin

Introduction

(1)

Structure of Amino Acid and Proteins

(1)

Amino Acid and Protein Synthesis

(1)

Post-Synthetic Modification

(1)

Protein Function

(1)

Classification of Amino Acids

(3)

Amino Acids in Critical Illness and Injury

(1)

Amino Acids in Circulation

(1)

Digestion of Amino Acids

(1)

Absorption of Amino Acids

(3)

Biochemical Transformation of Amino Acids 61

4. Acute Phase Proteins in Critically Ill Patients

(9)

Khawaja Azimuddin, Rifat Latifi and Rao R. Ivatury

Role of the Acute Phase Response

(1)

Physiology

(2)

Sequence of Events During Acute Phase Response

(1)

Modulation of the Acute Phase Response

(1)

The Acute Phase Proteins

(1)

Albumin

(1)

Prealbumin

(1)

Retinol-Binding Protein

(1)

Transferrin

(1)

C-Reactive Protein

(1)

Ceruloplasmin

(1)

Fibrinogen

(1)

Complement

(1)

Amyloid

(1)

Alpha 1 Acid Glycoprotein

(1)

Alpha-1 Protease Inhibitor

(1)

Monitoring Nutrition in the Critically Ill Patient

(3)

5. Arginine Metabolism in Critical Care and Sepsis

(16)

Rima I. Kandalaft, V. Bruce Grossie, Jr.

Pathways of Arginine and Ornithine Metabolism

(8)

Fate of Exogenous Arginine

(1)

Nitric Oxide in Critical Care

(2)

Conclusion

(5)

6. Wound Healing and the Role of Nutrient Substrates

(15)

David A. Lanning, Rifat Latifi

Basic Principles of Wound Healing

(1)

Malnutrition and Wound Healing

(2)

Nutritional Supplementation and Wound Healing

(1)

Specific Nutrients, Vitamins, and Trace Elements

(6)

Conclusion

(5)

7. Protein Metabolism in Liver and Intestine During Sepsis: Mediators, Molecular Regulation, and Clinical Implications

103

(23)

Timothy A. Pritts, Eric Hungness and Per-Olof Hasselgren

Introduction

103

(1)

Liver

103

(10)

Intestine

113

(13)

8. Biochemical Assessment and Monitoring of Nutritional Status

126

(19)

Robert S. DeChicco, Laura E. Matarese, Douglas Seidner and Ezra Steiger

The Incidence of Malnutrition 126

Methods of Nutrition Assessment

126

(19)

9. Optimizing Drug Therapy and Enteral Nutrition: Detecting Drug-Nutrient Interactions

145

(13)

Marcia L. Brackbill, Gretchen M. Brophy

Introduction

145

(1)

Avoiding Tube Occlusions

145

(3)

Pharmacokinetic Interactions

148

(2)

Pharmacodynamic Interactions

150

(1)

Influence of Tube Placement on Drug Efficacy

151

(1)

Optimizing Tolerance to Enteral Nutrition and Drug Therapy

152

(1)

Summary

153

(5)

10. Techniques and Monitoring of Total Parenteral Nutrition

158

(23)

Renee Piazza-Barnett, Laura E. Matarese, Douglas L. Seidner and Ezra Steiger

Introduction

158

(1)

Macronutrients

158

(1)

Micronutrients/Additives

159

(3)

Access/Delivery

162

(1)

Monitoring Parameters

163

(2)

Complications of Parenteral Nutrition Therapy

165

(12)

Cycling Total Parenteral Nutrition

177

(1)

Conclusion

177

(4)

11. Radiologic Assessment of Nutritional and Metabolic Status

181

(11)

Diane R. Horowitz, Rifat Latifi

Introduction

181

(1)

Ultrasound Use in Assessing Body Composition

181

(9)

Conclusion

190

(2)

12. Enteral Nutrition: Indications, Monitoring and Complications

192

(7)

Gayle Minard

Introduction

192

(1)

Indications

192

(2)

Contraindications

194

(1)

Monitoring

194

(1)

Complications

195

(3)

Conclusion

198

(1)

13. Enteral Access: Open, Endoscopic & Laparoscopic Techniques

199

(9)

Keith Zuccala, John M. Porter

Gastrostomy

199

(4)

Jejunostomy

203

(3)

Conclusion

206

(2)

14. Total Parenteral Nutrition: Current Concepts and Indications

208

(11)

Rifat Latifi, Stanley J. Dudrick

Introduction

208

(1)

General Indications for Use of TPN

209

(1)

Specific Indications for Total Parenteral Nutrition

210

(1)

Short Bowel Syndrome

210

(1)

Enterocutaneous Fistula

211

(1)

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

212

(1)

Liver Failure

212

(2)

Acute Pancreatitis

214

(1)

Cancer and TPN: To Feed or Not to Feed?

215

(4)

15. Intestinal Adaptation: New Insights

219

(31)

Jon S. Thompson

Introduction

219

(1)

Structural Changes

219

(1)

Functional Adaptation

220

(10)

Summary

230

(1)

Systemic Factors

230

(5)

Clinical Implications

235

(15)

16. Intestinal Regeneration and Nutrition

250

(11)

Jon S. Thompson, Shailendra K. Saxena and John G. Sharp

Introduction

250

(1)

Mechanism

250

(3)

Clinical Implications

253

(8)

17. Nutritional and Metabolic Management of Short Bowel Syndrome

261

(14)

Stanley J. Dudrick, Fizan Abdullah and Rifat Latifi

Introduction

261

(2)

Pathophysiology

263

(2)

Nutritional and Metabolic Management

265

(1)

Immediate Postoperative Period

265

(3)

Bowel Adaptation Period

268

(2)

Long-Term Management Period

270

(1)

Growth Hormone, Glutamine, and Hormone Modified Diet

270

(1)

Surgical Considerations

271

(4)

18. Pharmacologic Aspects of Short Bowel Syndrome

275

(31)

Patricia Pecora Fulco, Donald F. Kirby

Physiologic Considerations

275

(1)

Site Specific Contributions

276

(2)

Adaptation

278

(1)

Intravenous Access in SBS Patients

278

(18)

Conclusion

296

(10)

19. Nutritional Support in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

306

(14)

John H. Seashore, Melissa R. Perkal

Introduction

306

(1)

Malnutrition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

306

(3)

Nutritional Support in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

309

(5)

Summary

314

(6)

20. Nutrition Support of Acute Pancreatitis

320

(14)

Rifat Latifi, Stanley J. Dudrick

Introduction

320

(1)

Pathophysiology of Acute Pancreatitis

320

(2)

Alcohol and Biliary Disease

322

(1)

Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals

322

(1)

Pancreatic Ischemia in Experimental Acute Pancreatitis

323

(1)

Metabolic Changes and Other Complications in Acute Pancreatitis

323

(2)

Biochemical Abnormalities

325

(1)

Lung Injury

326

(1)

Nutritional Management in Acute Pancreatitis

326

(1)

The Effects Of Nutrient Substrates

327

(1)

Inhibition of Pancreatic Secretion

328

(1)

Rationale for TPN in Acute Pancreatitis

329

(1)

Dextrose and Amino Acids

329

(1)

Lipids

330

(1)

Administration and Monitoring of TPN

330

(4)

21. Nutritional Management of Chronic Pancreatitis: Current Concepts

334

(12)

Rifat Latifi, Paul G. Perch and Stanley J. Dudrick

Introduction

334

(1)

Etiologic and Risk Factors of Chronic Pancreatitis

335

(1)

Nutritional Deficiencies in Chronic Pancreatitis

335

(1)

Pancreatic Diabetes

336

(1)

Diagnosis of Malabsorption in Chronic Pancreatitis

336

(1)

Principles of Clinical Management of Chronic Pancreatitis

337

(1)

Enteral Feeding

338

(1)

Total Parenteral Nutrition

339

(1)

Nutrient Substrates in Chronic Pancreatitis

339

(1)

Enzyme Treatment of Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency

340

(1)

The Role of Exogenous Pancreatic Enzymes in Pain Management

341

(1)

The Effect of Exogenous Enzymes in Gastrointestinal Hormones

342

(1)

Conclusion

342

(4)

22. Nutritional Support in Liver Failure and Liver Transplantation

346

(72)

Rifat Latifi

Introduction

346

(1)

Malnutrition in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

347

(1)

Hepatic Encephalopathy

347

(71)

Amino Acids in Hepatic Encephalopathy 349

Nutritional Assessment 350

Peritransplant Nutrition; Support 352

Metabolic Changes 353

Nutrition Status of Donors 353

How to Feed Liver Transplant Patients 354

Conclusion 356

23. Nutritional Support in Renal Transplantation 360

Susan T. Crowley, Richard Formica and Antonio Cayco

Introduction 360

Protein Malnutrition and Nitrogen Balance 360

Dyslipidemia 362

Vitamin Supplementation 364

Bone Metabolism 365

Summary 366

24. Biology of Nutrition Support in the Critically Ill Patient 369

Rifat Latifi, Selman Uranües

Introduction 369

Protein and Nitrogen Metabolism in Critically Ill Patients 370

Amino Acid Metabolism 370

Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) 372

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids in Nutritional Support 372

Omega 3-Fatty Acids 375

Growth Hormone 375

Immune-Enhancing Enteral Nutrition; Clinical Evidence 376

Summary 378

Selected References 379

25. Nutrition Support in Patients with Pulmonary Failure and ARDS 384

Vanessa Fuchs, A.K. Malhotra and Rifat Latifi

Malnutrition and Lung Functions 384

Anatomy of Respiratory Failure 384

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 385

Nutritional Assessment 387

Molecular Basis Nutritional Management 389

Summary 392

26. Nutritional Support for the Burned Patient 395

G.J.P. Williams, Michael J. Muller and David N. Herndon

Introduction 395

Hypermetabolism in Burns 395

Physiologic Responses to Burn Injury 397

Nutritional Support 399

Hormonal Manipulation of Burn Hypermetabolism 406

Summary 409

27. Nutritional Support after Small Bowel Transplantation

418

(12)

S. Janes, S.V. Beath

Introduction

418

(1)

Recovery from Ischemia and Preservation

419

(1)

Weaning off Parenteral Nutrition

420

(4)

Establishment of Normal Diet

424

(1)

Monitoring

424

(1)

Complications after Intestinal Transplant and Implications for Nutritional Support

425

(1)

Conclusion

426

(4)

28. Nutritional Support in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer

430

(19)

Matthew E. Cohen, Rosemarie L. Fisher

Introduction

430

(1)

Risk Factors for Malnutrition

430

(2)

Malnutrition and Clinical Outcome

432

(2)

Surgery, Nutritional Support and Clinical Outcome

434

(5)

Radiotherapy, Nutritional Support and Clinical Outcome

439

(1)

Chemotherapy, Nutritional Support and Clinical Outcome

440

(1)

Enteral Nutrition Delivery

441

(3)

Surgical Gastrostomy or Jejunostomy

444

(1)

Conclusion

445

(4)

29. Nutritional Support in Patients with Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic and Liver Cancer

449

(24)

Matthew E. Cohen

Esophageal Cancer

453

(2)

Gastric Cancer

455

(1)

Colon Cancer

456

(3)

Pancreatic Cancer

459

(1)

Liver Cancer

460

(3)

Cost Effectiveness

463

(1)

Conclusion

464

(9)

30. The Treatment of Obesity

473

(16)

Souheil Abou Assi, Rifat Latifi and Stephen J.D. O'Keefe Epidemiology

473

(16)

Epidemiology

473

(1)

Measurements of Obesity

473

(1)

Health Risks Associated with Obesity

474

(1)

Can Obesity and Its Co-Morbid Diseases Be Reversed?

475

(1)

Summary of Interventions, and Results of Randomized Controlled Trials

475

(6)

Bariatric Surgery

481

(1)

Current Operations

481

(3)

Nutritional Complications Following Bariatric Surgery

484

(5)

Index

489

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The Biology and Practice of Current Nutritional Support, Second Edition

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