The Birth of Europe

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ISBN: 9781405156820 | 1405156821
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 11/22/2006

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In this ground-breaking new study,Jacques Le Goff, arguably the leading medievalist of his generation, presents his view of the primacy of the Middle Ages in the development of European history. "[A] superb and necessary book. This provocative assessment from a lifetime of scholarship might help us to place ourselves, not just territorially, but in that other precious element of history: time." The Guardian "A book that never fails to be informative, readable and provocative. Le Goff... has been the bravest and best of champions for medieval history. This book... is in every sense an inspiration." BBC History Magazine Praised by prominent figures in Europe and history including: Rt Hon Christopher Patten, CH, Former Member of the European Commission, and Neil Kinnock, Vice-President, European Commission.

Series Editor's Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Maps	p. xiv
Introduction	p. 1
Preludes: Before the Middle Ages	p. 6
Geography	p. 7
Ancient Legacies	p. 8
A Schema of the Medieval Genesis of Europe	p. 13
The Conception of Europe (Fourth to Eighth Centuries)	p. 14
Christianization, Saint Augustine	p. 15
The Cultural Founders of the Middle Ages	p. 16
Gregory the Great	p. 18
Invasions and Acculturation	p. 20
Government by Bishops and Monks	p. 22
New Heroes: Saints	p. 23
A New Way of Measuring Time	p. 24
The Remodeling of Space	p. 25
Two Hostile Poles, Byzantium and Islam: The Choice of Images	p. 25
The Ruralization of Europe	p. 27
Kingship and Barbarian Laws	p. 27
An Aborted Europe: The Carolingian World (Eighth to Tenth Centuries)	p. 29
The Rise of the Carolingians	p. 29
Was Charlemagne the First European?	p. 31
The Alliance between the Franks and the Papacy: Emperor Charlemagne	p. 32
The European Legacy of Charlemagne	p. 33
A Europe of Warriors...	p. 34
...and Also a World of Peasants	p. 35
Carolingian Civilization, a Cultural Layer in the Formation of Europe	p. 36
France, Germany, Italy: Where did the Heart of Europe Lie?	p. 39
A Dream of Europe and the Potential Europe of the Year 1000	p. 40
Imperial Ottoman Europe	p. 40
The "New Europe" in the Year 1000	p. 41
The "Newcomers": Scandinavians, Hungarians, and Slavs	p. 42
A European "Peace" Movement	p. 46
A New European Sanctuary in Spain: Santiago de Compostela	p. 47
The Consolidation of Europe	p. 48
Feudal Europe (Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries)	p. 49
Agricultural Progress	p. 49
The Cell Structure of Society ("Encellment")	p. 50
Village and Cemetery	p. 51
The Parish	p. 52
Society's Upper Crust: The Nobility	p. 53
Chivalry and Courtliness	p. 53
The Evolution of Marriage	p. 56
Courtly Love	p. 57
Abelard and Heloise: Modern Intellectuals and Lovers	p. 58
Kissing on the Lips	p. 59
The Military Orders: Militarism	p. 59
The Gregorian Reform: The Separation of the Clergy from Laymen	p. 60
The Battle between Virtues and Vices: The Devil at Large	p. 61
Popular Culture	p. 62
Money and Charters	p. 63
Pilgrimages	p. 64
Feudal Fragmentation and Monarchical Centralization	p. 67
The Prestige and the Weakness of the Emperor	p. 68
The Medieval King	p. 69
The Feudal Monarchies	p. 71
The Twelfth-Century European Renaissance	p. 75
The Rise of the Cult of the Virgin Mary	p. 76
The "Dolorization" of Religious Devotion to Christ	p. 79
Man in the Image of God: Christian Humanism	p. 79
The Birth of a Europe of Persecution	p. 81
The Heretics	p. 82
The Persecution of the Jews	p. 86
Sodomy	p. 89
The Ambiguity of Leprosy	p. 89
The Unleashing of the Devil	p. 90
The Peripheries of Feudal Europe	p. 91
Crusading Europe	p. 93
Were the Crusades the Earliest Manifestation of European Colonialism?	p. 97
The "Fine" Europe of Towns and Universities (Thirteenth Century)	p. 99
The Successes of Thirteenth-Century Europe	p. 99
Urban Success: The Europe of Town-Dwellers	p. 100
The Character of a European Town	p. 105
The Hierarchy of Urban Professions and Trades	p. 108
The European Town: Jerusalem or Babylon?	p. 109
Towns and Democracy?	p. 109
Defining the Towns and Townsfolk of Medieval Europe	p. 110
Commercial Success, a Europe of Merchants	p. 112
Monetary Problems	p. 114
A Europe of Merchants	p. 115
The Justification of Money	p. 116
Italians and Hanseatics	p. 118
The Success of Schools and Universities	p. 121
A Civilization of Books	p. 126
Encyclopedias	p. 128
Scholasticism	p. 129
Linguistic Europe: Latin and the Vernacular Languages	p. 133
Great Literatures and Masterpieces	p. 136
The Diffusion of Prose	p. 137
The Success of the Mendicant Friars	p. 138
A Europe of Charity	p. 143
The Third Orders: In-between the Clergy and Laymen	p. 143
Other Aspects of the "Fine" Thirteenth Century in Europe	p. 144
Gothic Europe	p. 144
Courtly Europe	p. 146
The Ambiguous Promotion of Work	p. 147
Europe, the Mongols, and the East	p. 148
Heavenly Values Coming Down to Earth	p. 150
The Autumn of the Middle Ages or the Spring of a New Age?	p. 154
Famine and War	p. 155
The Black Death	p. 159
Death, Corpses, and the Macabre Dance of Death	p. 161
A Europe of Violence	p. 162
The Shattering of the Unity of the Church: The Great Schism	p. 169
The New Heretics: Wycliffites and Hussites	p. 171
The devotio moderna	p. 173
The Birth of National Feeling	p. 174
Political Prophecy	p. 176
Printing Presses	p. 177
A World-Economy	p. 178
An Expanding and Flowering Europe	p. 178
Florence, Perhaps the Finest Flower of Europe	p. 180
Two Open Minds: Nicholas of Cusa...	p. 181
...and Pawel Wlodkowic	p. 182
The Waning of the Empire?	p. 183
A Simplification of the Map of Europe	p. 184
The Turkish Threat	p. 185
The European Plan of George Podiebrad	p. 186
Italy, at once the Beacon and the Prey of Europe	p. 187
Philippe de Commynes, the European	p. 188
Europe Encountering the Outside World	p. 189
The Attraction of the Atlantic and Africa	p. 190
The Progress and Archaism of Ships and Navigation	p. 192
Conclusion	p. 194
Chronology	p. 202
A Selective Thematic Bibliography	p. 211
Index	p. 252
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The Birth of Europe

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