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Design and Control of Structure of Advanced Carbon Materials for Enhanced Performance: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Design and Control of Structure of Advanced Carbon Materials for Enhanced Performance, Antalya

Author(s): Rand, Brian; Appleyard, S. P.; Yardim, M. F.

ISBN10: 1402000022

ISBN13: 9781402000027

Cover: Hardcover

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The review of carbon materials here presented regards them as forming a continuous spectrum, varying in crystallinity and nano?, micro? and macro?texture. The structure?property relationships are discussed to examine how they can be controlled during different processing operations. Processing routes are described to see how they might be varied, modified or invented to meet he needs for new applications. The following key questions are debated: What is intrinsically possible with carbon materials? How do we convert what is intrinsically possible into an engineering product that enhances our quality of life? How do we design and produce materials to satisfy the visions of the engineer?

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held in Antalya, Turkey, May 10-21, 1998.

Dedication

Contents

vii

List of Participants

xvii

Preface

xix

PART ONE - STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES

Polymorphism in Carbons and Parent Materials

P. Delhaes

Introduction

(1)

The Crystalline Forms

(5)

Chemical Bonds and Electronic Structures

(2)

Thermodynamic Stability and Associated Phase Diagram

(2)

Theoretical Approaches and New Predicted Phases

(1)

Real and Virtual Forms Of Carbons

(10)

Structures with a Fixed Coordination Number

(1)

Carbynes

(1)

Graphites

(2)

Diamonds

(1)

Structures on Curved Surfaces

(1)

Historical Outline

(1)

Topological Classification

(2)

Physical Properties And Phase Stability

(1)

Exotic Structures with Variable Coordination Numbers

(1)

(2-3) Connected Carbon Nets

(1)

(4-3) Connected Carbon Nets

(2)

Non-Crystalline Carbons

(3)

Classification of Non-Crystalline Carbons

(1)

Morphologies of Non Crystalline-Carbons

(1)

Parent Materials and ``Alloys''

(3)

Topological Classification

(1)

Theoretical Predictions, Synthetic Ways and Physical Characterizations

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

References

(3)

Theory and Modelling of Carbon

M.I. Heggie

Introduction

(3)

Models of Carbon

(5)

Point Defects in Carbon Phases

(1)

Diamond

(1)

Graphite

(1)

The Self-Adatom

(1)

The Inter-Planar Interstitial

(2)

Fullerenes

(1)

Changes in sp2 Bonding Topology

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

Acknowledgements and References

(6)

Characterisation of Carbon Structure

X. Bourrat

Introduction

(1)

Paracrystalline Structure of Graphitic Carbons

(5)

TEM Lattice-Fringes And Layer Size Measurement

(1)

X-Ray Diffraction From Paracrystalline Structure

(1)

Measurements Of La And Lc

(1)

X-Ray Diffraction Measurement of d002 Spacing

(1)

Texture of Graphitic Carbons

(6)

Optical Texture (Example of Pyrocarbon)

(1)

The Textural Chart

(1)

Optical Anisotropy Measurement

(1)

Preferred Orientation as Measured By TEM

(1)

Samples Preparation

(1)

Orientation Angle, OA

(2)

SEM Fracture Surface Examination (Fibres Texture And Flaws)

(1)

The Graphitization Process

(7)

Graphitization is a 3D-Ordering of Layers

(1)

Measurement of P1 - The Degree of Graphitization

(5)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(2)

Thermal and Electrical Properties of Carbons Relationship to Structure

J.-P. Issi

Introduction

(1)

Electrical Transport

(8)

Some Characteristic Lengths

(2)

Diffusive and Ballistic Motion

(1)

Zero-Field Electrical Resistivity

(1)

Magnetoresistance

(1)

General Trends

(1)

Pristine Material

(4)

Effect of Intercalation

(8)

Thermal Conductivity

(1)

Conduction Mechanisms

(1)

Lattice Conduction

(5)

Relation Between K And p

(1)

Effect of Intercalation

(1)

Concluding Remarks

(1)

References

(3)

Surface Properties of Carbons for Advanced Carbon-Based Composites

P.Ehrburger

C. Vix-Guterl

Introduction

(1)

Principle of Composite Materials

(3)

Strength of Composite

(2)

Interface in Composite

(1)

Surface Properties of Carbon Fibres

(9)

Physical Properties

(1)

Surface Chemistry

(1)

Active Surface Area

(1)

Surface Functional Groups

(1)

Oxygen-Containing Surface Groups

(1)

Acidic Surface Groups

(1)

Basic Surface Groups

(1)

Modification of Surface Functionality

(3)

Chemical Groups and Active Surface Area

(1)

Surface Treatment of Carbon Fibres

(4)

Gas Phase Oxidation

(1)

Liquid Phase Oxidation

(1)

Nitric Acid Treatment

(1)

Formation of a Graphitic Oxide Layer

100

(1)

Anodic Etching

100

(2)

Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers

102

(8)

Polymer Matrix

102

(1)

Interfacial Bond

102

(2)

Wetting of Carbon Surface

104

(1)

Nature of the Interfacial Bond

105

(1)

Measurement of Interfacial Strength

105

(2)

Effect of Surface Properties of Carbon Fibres on the Characteristics of Composites

107

(1)

Intralaminar Shear Strength

107

(2)

Resistance to Fracture

109

(1)

Application of Carbon-Fibre Reinforced Polymers

110

(1)

Carbon-Carbon Composites

110

(9)

Principle of Brittle Matrix Composites

111

(1)

Interfacial Interaction in C/C Composites

112

(2)

Protection Against Oxidation

114

(1)

Mechanism of Inhibition

115

(1)

Glassy Coatings

116

(1)

Refractory Coatings

116

(2)

Limiting Chemical Reactions in Protection

118

(1)

Applications of C/C Composites

119

(1)

Carbon Composites With Other Matrices

119

(2)

References

121

(4)

PART TWO - PROCESSING

Pitch Precursor-Origin and Chemical Constitution

M.F. Yardim

E. Ekinci

K.D. Bartle

Introduction

125

(1)

General Features of Pitches

125

(1)

Types of Pitches

126

(3)

Primary Pitches

126

(1)

Coal Tar Pitch

127

(1)

Petroleum Pitch

127

(1)

Other Pitches of Primary Origin

128

(1)

Secondary Pitches

129

(1)

Pitch Modification

129

(3)

Additives

130

(1)

Blending

130

(1)

Air Blowing

131

(1)

Solvent Extraction

132

(1)

References

132

(3)

The Thermal Processing and Rheological Behaviour of Pitch

B.Rand

Introduction

135

(1)

Thermal Treatment and Composition

135

(6)

Rheological Behaviour of Pitch

141

(2)

Changes Due to Pyrolysis

143

(5)

The Diagram and Coking

148

(1)

Conclusions

149

(1)

References

149

(2)

Mesophase Precursors for Advanced Carbon Fibers Pitches, Stabilization and Carbonization

J.G. Lavin

Introduction

151

(1)

Pitches for High Performance Carbon Fibers

151

(6)

General

151

(3)

A Paradox

154

(1)

Pitches via Solvent Extraction

154

(1)

``Polymeric'' Pitch

155

(1)

Solvated Mesophase Pitch

156

(1)

Stabilization and Carbonization

157

(3)

References

160

(3)

Carbon Fiber Processing and Structure/Property Relations

D.D. Edie

Introduction

163

(1)

PAN-Based Carbon Fiber Processing

163

(2)

PAN Fiber Spinning

164

(1)

PAN Fiber Stabilization

164

(1)

PAN Fiber Carbonization

165

(1)

Structure of PAN-Based Carbon Fibers

165

(2)

Pitch-Based Carbon Fiber Processing

167

(7)

Pitch Fiber Spinning

168

(5)

Pitch Fiber Stabilization

173

(1)

Pitch Fiber Carbonization

174

(1)

Structure Of pitch-Based Carbon Fibers

174

(1)

Structure/Property Relations For Carbon Fibers

175

(3)

Conclusions

178

(1)

References

179

(4)

Carbon-Carbon Composites Relating Processing to Structure and Properties

S.P. Appleyard

B. Rand

Introduction

183

(1)

Applications

184

(1)

Friction

184

(1)

Materials Processing

184

(1)

Thermomechanical Applications

185

(1)

Overview Of Processing

185

(6)

Fibre Type & Composite Architecture

186

(1)

Matrix Type And Preform Densification Methods

187

(1)

Chemical Vapour Infiltration (CVI)

187

(1)

Liquid Impregnation

188

(2)

Upgrading

190

(1)

Current Issues

190

(1)

Design And Control Of Microstructure

191

(8)

Matrix Texture

192

(1)

Interfaces And Matrix Shrinkage Cracks

193

(3)

Densification

196

(2)

Effects Of Graphitisation

198

(1)

Thermal And Mechanical Properties

199

(3)

Thermal Properties

199

(1)

Mechanical Properties

200

(2)

Conclusion

202

(1)

References

203

(4)

Preparation and Structure of Carbon Fibres and Carbon Nanotubes from the Vapour Phase From Fibres To Nanotubes

M. Endo

V. A. Kim

K. Nishimura

T. Hayashi

T. Matushita

Introduction

207

(2)

Preparation of VGCFs and PCNTs

209

(2)

Structure of VGCFs and PCNTs

211

(3)

Multi- and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

214

(1)

Conclusion

215

(1)

References

216

(1)

Manufacture of Bulk Carbon and Graphite Materials

R. Wolf

Introduction

217

(1)

General Procedure

217

(8)

Raw Materials

219

(1)

Binders

219

(1)

Mixing

220

(1)

Shaping

221

(1)

Baking

222

(1)

Graphitizing

223

(1)

Special Treatments

224

(1)

Outlook

225

(1)

References

225

(4)

PART THREE - PROPERTIES, APPLICATIONS AND NEW DIRECTIONS

Mechanical Properties of Carbon-Carbon Composites

E. Yasuda

T. Akatsu

Y. Ishiguro

L. Manocha

Y. Tanabe

Introduction

229

(1)

Mechanical Properties and Graphite Crystallites

229

(7)

Young's Modulus

229

(1)

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

230

(2)

Effect Of Crystallite Size On Thermal Conductivity

232

(1)

Tensile Strength

233

(1)

The Effect of Fibre Orientation and Surface Treatment on Mechanical Properties

233

(3)

Test Method for Shear Strength Measurement

236

(1)

Some Trials to Control the Microstructure

237

(2)

Addition of Fine Particles

237

(1)

Surface Treatment of the Fibre

238

(1)

Summary

239

(1)

References

239

(2)

High Strength, Sintered Carbons and Graphites

B.Rand

R.Wolf

Introduction

241

(1)

Fabrication Route

242

(3)

Powder Production

245

(1)

Compaction

245

(3)

Microstructures

248

(1)

Mechanical Properties

249

(2)

The Industrial Point of View

251

(2)

Raw Materials

252

(1)

The Market

252

(1)

Outlook

253

(1)

References

253

(2)

Anode Performance of the Li-Ion Secondary Battery

C. Kim

M. Endo

Introduction

255

(3)

Features of Li-Ion Secondary Battery

258

(2)

Carbon and Graphite Host Materials

260

(1)

Lithium/Graphite Intercalation Compounds

261

(3)

Voltage Profiles of Carbon Electrodes

264

(2)

Effect of Microstructure of Carbon Anode on the Capacity

266

(3)

Effect of Heteroatom-Doped Carbons

269

(4)

Conclusions

273

(1)

References

273

(4)

Carbon Materials for Energy Production and Storage

T.D. Burchell

Introduction

277

(1)

Nuclear Fusion Reactors

277

(4)

Space Nuclear Power

281

(2)

Transportation Technology

283

(9)

Summary and Conclusions

292

(1)

References

293

(1)

Acknowledgements

294

(1)

Porous Carbons for Gas Storage and Separation Characterisation And Performance

B. McEnaney

E. Alain

Y-F. Yin

T.J. Mays

Introduction

295

(1)

Characterisation - Classification Of Pore Sizes

295

(2)

Characterisation - Gas Adsorption

297

(3)

The BET Equation

299

(1)

Micropore Volumes from the Dubinin Equations

300

(1)

Characterisation - Estimation of Mesopore and Macropore Sizes

300

(2)

Characterisation - Estimation of Micropore Sizes

302

(2)

Performance - Introduction

304

(3)

Performance - Gas Separation Using Molecular Sieve Carbons

307

(2)

Performance - Microporous Carbon Membranes

309

(2)

Performance - Natural Gas Storage

311

(2)

Performance - Hydrogen Storage

313

(2)

Conclusions

315

(1)

References

315

(4)

Carbon-Ceramic Alloys

B. Rand

A.V.K. Westwood

S. Lu

Introduction

319

(1)

Alloys from Preceramic Polymers

319

(3)

Mesophase Alloys

322

(5)

Other Pitch-Based Alloys

327

(5)

Alloys Via Pyrolytic Incorporation of Boron

332

(2)

Carbon-Nitrogen Alloys

334

(1)

Nano-Porous Alloys

334

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

335

(1)

References

336

(3)

``Carbon Alloys''

E. Yasuda

Y. Tanabe

Introduction

339

(1)

The Sequence to ``Carbon Alloys'' and Its Classification

340

(1)

The Organisation and the Outline of the Project

340

(1)

Concepts and Topics in Each Group

341

(1)

Summary

342

(3)

Index

345

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