| Foreword |
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xi | |
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Professor Rafael Fernandez Rubio |
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| Preface |
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xv | |
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Mining and the Water Environment |
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1 | (64) |
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Mining, society and the environment |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (3) |
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3 | (2) |
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Who should read this book? |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Overview of mining and mine wastes |
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6 | (48) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (22) |
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29 | (10) |
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39 | (3) |
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42 | (12) |
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Impacts of mining and mine waters on the water environment and infrastructure |
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54 | (8) |
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62 | (3) |
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65 | (62) |
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Sources of mine water contaminants and their natural attenuation |
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65 | (11) |
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Mineral weathering as a source of mine water contamination |
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67 | (3) |
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The weathering kinetics of pyrite and related sulfide minerals |
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70 | (3) |
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Biological and chemical methods for pollution prevention |
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73 | (2) |
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Mineral weathering as a source of natural attenuation |
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75 | (1) |
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Contaminant mobility: pH as a master variable |
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76 | (1) |
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Acidity, alkalinity and pH |
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76 | (22) |
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Strong acids and bases: defining acidity and alkalinity |
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79 | (1) |
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Weak acids: the CO2-H2O buffer system |
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80 | (5) |
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Buffering mine water quality: the relation between acidity and pH |
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85 | (5) |
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The proton condition: considering other weak acids in mine waters |
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90 | (5) |
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Vestigial and juvenile acidity |
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95 | (2) |
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The impact of biota on acidity and alkalinity |
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97 | (1) |
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Assessing contamination loads |
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98 | (14) |
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Methods for assessing the potential for contamination |
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99 | (3) |
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Mineral weathering rates: a scaling problem |
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102 | (2) |
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Relating mineral mass and weathering rates to evolution of discharge quality |
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104 | (2) |
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Assessing the longevity of contamination |
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106 | (6) |
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The geochemistry of metal ions in aquatic environments |
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112 | (15) |
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Hydrolysis and solubility of metal ions |
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113 | (4) |
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117 | (10) |
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127 | (144) |
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127 | (1) |
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Issues and processes in mine water hydrology |
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128 | (1) |
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Mass continuity and hydrological fluxes |
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129 | (18) |
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Mass continuity as the core paradigm in hydrology |
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129 | (1) |
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Natural hydrological balances - the basic processes |
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130 | (6) |
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Complete descriptions of flow processes: the basis for hydrological modelling |
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136 | (11) |
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Hydrometry in mining environments |
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147 | (22) |
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147 | (1) |
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Hydrometeorological parameters |
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147 | (4) |
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151 | (8) |
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Measuring ground water heads |
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159 | (6) |
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Measuring ventilation water losses |
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165 | (4) |
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Physical impacts of mineral extraction on natural hydrological systems |
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169 | (12) |
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Excavation and fracturing |
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169 | (1) |
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Impacts of excavation on surface water systems |
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170 | (6) |
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Impacts of excavation on ground water systems |
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176 | (5) |
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Water inflows to active workings |
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181 | (17) |
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Seepages, drippers, feeders, inrushes and direct precipitation |
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181 | (6) |
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Water make and mine water budgets |
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187 | (2) |
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Deep mine water makes: some general observations |
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189 | (4) |
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Mining beneath water bodies |
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193 | (1) |
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Surface mine water makes: a question of stability |
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194 | (4) |
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Dewatering techniques and their design |
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198 | (15) |
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The necessity of dewatering |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (5) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (5) |
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Geotechnical alternatives/aids to dewatering |
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211 | (2) |
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Environmental impacts of dewatering and their mitigation |
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213 | (5) |
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (2) |
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Hydrological behaviour of waste rock piles, backfill and tailings dams |
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218 | (12) |
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Waste rock piles (spoil heaps) and surface mine backfill |
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218 | (8) |
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226 | (4) |
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Mine abandonment and rebound processes |
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230 | (18) |
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Understanding mine water rebound: ponds and head-dependent inflows |
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230 | (9) |
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Predictive modelling of mine water rebound |
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239 | (9) |
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Abandoned mine hydrology after rebound is complete |
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248 | (12) |
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Abandoned surface mines: pit lakes |
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248 | (5) |
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253 | (1) |
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The environmental impacts of abandoned mine discharges |
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254 | (3) |
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The longevity of pollution from abandoned mines |
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257 | (3) |
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Hydrological interventions in mine water remediation |
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260 | (11) |
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260 | (1) |
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Passive prevention of pollutant release |
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260 | (8) |
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Use of pumps in mine water control |
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268 | (3) |
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Active Treatment of Polluted Mine Waters |
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271 | (40) |
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What is active treatment? |
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271 | (3) |
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Oxidation, dosing with alkali and sedimentation (ODAS) |
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274 | (21) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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Purpose of oxidation in mine water treatment |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (1) |
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Biochemical oxidation by RBC |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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Rationale for dosing with alkali |
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279 | (1) |
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Pre-aeration to strip excess CO2 before alkali addition |
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279 | (1) |
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Alkaline reagents for mine water dosing |
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280 | (3) |
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Quantities of alkali needed for dosing |
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283 | (3) |
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286 | (1) |
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Sedimentation to remove inert solids from suspension |
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286 | (1) |
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Sedimentation for removal of iron and other metals |
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287 | (3) |
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Further considerations in sedimentation basin design |
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290 | (1) |
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Limitations of the conventional ODAS approach |
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291 | (1) |
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Advanced ODAS methodologies |
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292 | (3) |
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Sulfidization and biodesalination |
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295 | (4) |
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Principles of active sulfate reduction technology |
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295 | (1) |
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Varieties of sulfidization technology |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (3) |
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Sorption and ion exchange |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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Other active treatment processes |
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300 | (2) |
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Sludge Management - A Key Issue in Mine Water Treatment |
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302 | (9) |
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Sludge - a resource or a waste product? |
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302 | (1) |
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Waste sludges arising from mine water treatment |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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Increasing sludge density |
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304 | (7) |
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Passive Treatment of Polluted Mine Waters |
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311 | (86) |
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What is passive treatment? |
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311 | (3) |
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A brief history of passive mine water treatment |
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314 | (1) |
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Chemical and microbial basis for passive treatment |
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315 | (18) |
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315 | (1) |
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Removal of Fe in passive systems |
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316 | (4) |
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Removal of Al3+ in passive systems |
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320 | (1) |
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Removal of manganese in passive systems |
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321 | (1) |
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Generation of alkalinity in passive treatment systems |
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322 | (2) |
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Interaction of metal removal and acid neutralization processes |
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324 | (2) |
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Removal processes for other contaminants |
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326 | (1) |
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Rates of contaminant removal in passive systems: towards design criteria |
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327 | (6) |
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Passive treatment technologies |
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333 | (50) |
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A typology of passive mine water treatment systems |
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333 | (1) |
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Inorganic media passive systems (IMPs) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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Anoxic Limestone Drains (ALDs) |
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335 | (5) |
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Oxic limestone drains (OLDs) and open-channel limestone reactors (OCLRs) |
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340 | (3) |
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Carbonate-based reactors for removal of Mn, Zn, Cd and As |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (5) |
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Wetland-type passive systems |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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Aerobic Wetlands (Reed beds) |
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350 | (15) |
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365 | (5) |
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Reducing and alkalinity producing systems (RAPS) |
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370 | (5) |
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Subsurface-flow bacterial sulfate reduction systems (SFBs) |
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375 | (1) |
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In situ permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) |
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375 | (6) |
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Anaerobic reactors for surface mine water discharges |
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381 | (2) |
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Passive treatment process selection and staging |
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383 | (14) |
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383 | (2) |
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Illustrative case studies |
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385 | (1) |
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Aerobic wetland treatment of a net-alkaline water contaminated with Fe |
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385 | (2) |
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Compost wetland treatment of an acidic, Al-rich waste rock pile leachate |
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387 | (6) |
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Use of RAPS and wetlands to treat an acidic discharge rich in Fe and Al |
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393 | (4) |
| Appendix I Glossary of mining and related terms relevant to mine water science and engineering |
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397 | (12) |
| References |
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409 | (26) |
| Index |
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435 | |
