| Preface |
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xi | |
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xiii | |
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xvii | |
| Symbols and Abbreviations |
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xix | |
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1 | (6) |
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Medical Ultrasound Imaging and Contrast Agents |
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1 | (2) |
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Underwater Acoustics and Bubbles |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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The Bubble as a Linear Oscillator |
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7 | (36) |
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Some Comments Regarding Scale and Dimensions |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (3) |
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The Bubble as an Oscillator |
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11 | (25) |
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Equation of Motion for the Bubble |
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19 | (3) |
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22 | (5) |
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27 | (2) |
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Speed of Sound in a Bubbly Liquid |
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29 | (7) |
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36 | (7) |
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43 | (46) |
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Nonlinear Acoustics in Diagnostic Ultrasound |
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43 | (6) |
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Nonlinearity in Liquids with and without Bubbles |
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44 | (1) |
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Linear and Nonlinear Systems |
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45 | (2) |
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Bubble Detection Based on Nonlinear Acoustics |
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47 | (2) |
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Equations of Motion for the Liquid |
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49 | (19) |
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Incompressible Liquid: The Rayleigh-Plesset Equation |
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54 | (4) |
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Linear Propagation I: Trilling Model |
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58 | (4) |
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Linear Propagation II: Keller-Miksis Model |
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62 | (4) |
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Comparison between the Liquid Models |
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66 | (2) |
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Viscous Damping in the Liquid |
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68 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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Compressible Liquid: Acoustic Approximation |
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69 | (1) |
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Pressure Difference across a Spherical Shell |
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70 | (9) |
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71 | (3) |
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Comments and Alternative Shell Models |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (2) |
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Summary: Tension across the Shell |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Boundary Condition: Pressure at the Bubble Surface |
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80 | (1) |
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Equations in Dimensionless Variables |
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81 | (8) |
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Pressure at the Bubble Surface |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Modified Rayleigh-Plesset Model |
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86 | (1) |
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Reconstitution of Dimensional Variables |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (16) |
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89 | (11) |
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Measurement of Attenuation Spectra |
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89 | (6) |
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Sensitivity to Hydrostatic Pressure |
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95 | (5) |
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100 | (5) |
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Estimation of Shell Material Properties |
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105 | (16) |
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Composition of the Microbubbles |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (4) |
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Church's Model for Albunex: Comparison with the Models of Chapter 3 |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (2) |
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Acoustic Attenuation and Scatter |
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110 | (1) |
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Thermal and Acoustic Damping |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (4) |
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110 | (1) |
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Acoustic Attenuation Spectra |
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111 | (1) |
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Estimation of Shell Parameters |
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112 | (2) |
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Some Calculations Based on the Results |
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114 | (4) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (4) |
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Resonance Frequency and Scattering Cross Section |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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Comparison between Contrast Agents |
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121 | (22) |
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Properties of the Three Agents |
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121 | (4) |
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122 | (1) |
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Acoustic Attenuation Spectra |
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122 | (3) |
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Estimates for Shell Material Properties |
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125 | (3) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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Sensitivity to Hydrostatic Pressure |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (6) |
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Calculation of Phase Velocity |
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129 | (3) |
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132 | (3) |
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Theoretical Calculations based on the Results |
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135 | (3) |
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Resonance Frequency and Bulk Modulus |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Summary: Comparison between the Agents |
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138 | (5) |
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Scatter at Higher Harmonics |
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143 | (14) |
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143 | (5) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (2) |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (1) |
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Simulated Bubble Radius and Bubble Destruction |
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150 | (3) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (3) |
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Simulations of Nonlinear Bubble Response |
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157 | (40) |
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Implementation of Nonlinear Bubble Models |
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157 | (3) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (14) |
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161 | (12) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (23) |
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Simulations of Subharmonic Response |
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174 | (9) |
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Comments and Relation to Earlier Results |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (3) |
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Difference between Pulse and CW Responses |
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187 | (10) |
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197 | (2) |
| References |
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199 | |