| Introduction |
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vii | |
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`A Summary of some late Observations upon the Generation, Composition, and Decomposition of Animal and Vegetable Substances' (1748) |
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53 | (21) |
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Excerpts from Histoire Naturelle (vol. 2) on his theory of `organic molecules' (1791) |
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74 | (11) |
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Tracts on the Natural History of Animals and Vegetables (1803) |
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85 | |
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`Remarks on the use of the microscope' (1785) |
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2 | (10) |
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`Observations and Experiments Relating to Equivocal, or Spontaneous Generation' (1809) |
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12 | |
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`On certain Appearances observed in the Dissection of the Eyes of Fishes' (1815) |
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9 | (4) |
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`A brief Account of Microscopical Observations made in the Months of June, July and August 1827, on the particles contained in the Pollen of Plants' (1828) |
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13 | |
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`An Account of Mr. Needham's original Discovery of the Action of the Pollen of Plants (1829) |
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9 | |
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`Active Molecules' (1829) |
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2 | (9) |
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`Observations and Experiments tending to demonstrate that the Granules which are discharged in the explosion of a grain of Pollen' (1829) |
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11 | |
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`Observations relative to the Motions of the Molecules of Bodies' (1829) |
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6 | |
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`Note on Robert Brown's Microscopical Observations on the Particles of Bodies' (1830) |
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2 | (4) |
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`Additional Remarks on Active Molecules' (1829) |
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6 | (23) |
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`On the Origin of Organic Matter from simple Perceptible Matter, and on Organic Molecules and Atoms' (1837) |
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29 | |
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`On the Magnitude of the Ultimate Particles of Bodies' (1832) |
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10 | (19) |
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`Some Observations on the Structure and Functions of tubular and cellular Polypi, and of Ascidiae' (1834) |
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29 | (231) |
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Microscopical Researches Into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants (1847) |
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260 | |
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Contributions to Phytogenesis (1847) |
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36 | (2) |
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`Schwann and Schleiden on the Identical Structure of Plants and Animals' (1840) |
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38 | |
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`On Molecules and Molecular Motion' (1843) |
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5 | |
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`Mr. Addison and the British and Foreign Medical Review' (1844) |
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1 | (1) |
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`On Moving Molecules in the Interior of Cells' (1844) |
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2 | (78) |
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Elements of Physiology (1843) |
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80 | |
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`History and Applications of the Microscope' (1850) |
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26 | (5) |
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`On the Mutual Relations of the Vital and Physical Forces' (1850) |
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31 | |
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30 | (26) |
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56 | |
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`On the Molecular Theory of Organisation' (1861) |
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17 | |
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| Preface to First Edition |
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vii | |
| Preface to Second Edition |
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xiii | |
| Translator's Preface |
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xv | |
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xvii | |
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Lecture I.---Cells and the Cellular Theory |
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1 | (23) |
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Introduction and object. Importance of anatomical discoveries in the history of medicine. Slight influence of the cell-theory upon pathology. Cells as the ultimate active elements of the living body. Their nature more accurately defined. Vegetable cells; membrane, contents, nucleus. Animal cells; capsulated (cartilage) and simple. Nuclei of. Nucleoli of. Theory of the formation of cells out of free cytoblastema. Constancy of nucleus and its importance in the maintenance of the living cell. Diversity of cell-contents and their importance as regards the functions of parts. Cells as vital unities. The body as a social organization. Cellular, in contradistinction to humoral and solidistic, pathology.---Explanation of some of the preparations. Young shoots of plants. Growth of plants. Growth of cartilage. Young ova. Young cells in sputa. |
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Lecture II.---Physiological Tissues |
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24 | (25) |
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Falsity of the view that tissues and fibres are made up of globules (elementary granules). The investment theory (Umhullungstheorie). Equivocal [spontaneous] generation of cells. The law of continuous development.---General classification of the tissues. The three categories of General Histology. Special tissues. Organs and systems, or apparatuses.---The Epithelial Tissues. Squamous, cylindrical, and transitional epithelium. Epidermis and rete Malpigii. Nails, and their diseases. Crystalline lens. Pigment. Gland-cells.---The Connective Tissues. The theories of Schwann, Henle, and Reichert. My theory. Connective tissue as intercellular substance. Cartilage (hyaline, fibro- and reticular). Mucous tissue. Adipose tissue. Anastomosis of cells; juice-conveying system of tubes or canals. |
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Lecture III.---Physiological and Pathological Tissues |
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49 | (23) |
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The higher animal tissues: muscles, nerves, vessels, blood.---Muscles. Striped and smooth. Atrophy of. The contractile substance and contractility in general. Cutis anserina and arrectores pilorum.---Vessels. Capillaries. Contractile vessels. Nerves.---Pathological tissues (Neoplasms), and their classification. Import of vascularity. Doctrine of specific elements. Physiological types (reproduction). Heterology (heterotopy, heterochrony, heterometry) and malignity. Hypertrophy and hyperplasy. Degeneration. Criteria for prognosis.---Law of continuity. Histological substitution and equivalents. Physiological and pathological substitution. |
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Lecture IV.---Nutrition and its Channels |
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72 | (17) |
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Action of the vessels. Relations between vessels and tissues. Liver. Brain. Muscular coat of the stomach. Cartilage. Bone.---Dependence of tissues upon vessels. Metastases. Vascular territories [Gefassterritorien] (vascular unities). Conveyance of nutriment in the juice-conveying canals (Saftkanale) of the tissues. Bone. Teeth. Fibro-cartilage. Cornea. Semilunar cartilages. |
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Lecture V.---Nutrition, and Conveyance of the Nutritive Juices |
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89 | (20) |
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Tendons. Cornea. Umbilical cord.---Elastic tissue. Corium.---Loose connective tissue. Tunica dartos.---Importance of cells in the special distribution of the nutritive juices. |
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Lecture VI.---Nutrition and Circulation |
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109 | (25) |
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Arteries. Capillaries. Continuity of their membrane. Its porosity. Haemorrhage by transudation (per diapedesin). Veins. Vessels during pregnancy.---Properties of the walls of vessels: 1. Contractility. Rhythmical movement. Active or irritative hyperaemia. Ischaemia. Counter-irritants. 2. Elasticity and its importance as regards the rapidity and uniformity of the current of blood. Dilatation of the vessels. 3. Permeability. Diffusion. Specific affinities. Relation between the supply of blood and nutrition. Glandular secretion (liver). Specific action of the elements of tissues.---Dyscrasia. Its transitory character and local origin. Dyscrasia of drunkards. Haemorrhagic diathesis. Syphilis. |
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134 | (22) |
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Fibrino. Its fibrillae. Compared with mucus, and connective tissue. Homogeneous condition.---Red blood-corpuscles. Their nucleus and contents. Changes of form. Blood-crystals (Haematoidine, Haemine, Haematocrystalline).---Colourless blood-corpuscles. Numerical proportion. Structure. Compared with pus-corpuscles. Their viscosity and agglutination. Specific gravity. Crusta granulosa. Diagnosis between pus-, and colourless blood-corpuscles. |
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Lecture VIII.---Blood and Lymph |
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156 | (21) |
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Change and replacement of the constituents of the blood. Fibrine. Lymph and its coagulation. Lymphatic exudation. Fibrinogenous substance. Formation of the buffy coat. Lymphatic blood, hyperinosis, phlogistic crasis. Local formation of fibrine. Transudation of fibrine. Formation of fibrine in the blood.---Colourless blood-corpuscles (lymph-corpuscles). Their increase in hyperinosis and hypinosis (Erysipelas, pseudo-erysipelas, typhoid fever). Leucocytosis and leukaemia. Splenic and lymphatic leukaemia.---The spleen and lymphatic glands as blood-making organs. Structure of lymphatic glands. |
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Lecture IX.---Pyaemia and Leucocytosis |
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177 | (19) |
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Comparison between colourless blood- and pus-corpuscles. Physiological reabsorption of pus; incomplete (inspissation, cheesy transformation), and complete (fatty metamorphosis, or milky transformation). Intravasation of pus.---Pus in the lymphatic vessels. Retention of matters in the lymphatic glands. Mechanical separation (filtration). Coloration by tattooing. Chemical separation (attraction): Cancer, Syphilis. Irritation of lymphatic glands, and its relation to leucocytosis.---Digestive and puerperal (physiological) leucocytosis. Pathological leucocytosis (Scrofulosis, typhoid fever, cancer, erysipelas).---Lymphoid apparatuses: solitary and Peyerian follicles of the intestines. Tonsils and follicles of the tongue. Thymus. Spleen.---Complete rejection of pyaemia as a dyscrasia susceptible of demonstration morphologically. |
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Lecture X.---Metastatical Dyscraslae |
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196 | (24) |
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Pyaemia and phlebitis. Thrombosis. Puriform softening of thrombi. True and false phlebitis. Purulent cysts of the heart.---Embolia. Import of prolonged thrombi. Pulmonary metastases. Crumbling away of the emboli. Varying character of the metastases. Endocarditis and capillary embolia. Latent pyaemia.---Infectant fluids. Diseases of the lymphatic apparatuses and secreting organs. Chemical substances in the blood; salts of silver. Arthritis. Calcareous metastases. Diffuse metastatic processes. Ichorrhaemia. Pyaemia as a collective name.---Chemical dyscrasiae. Malignant tumours, especially cancer. Diffusion by means of contagious parenchymatous juices. |
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Lecture XI.---Pigmentary Elements in the Blood Nerves |
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220 | (23) |
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Melanaemia. Its relation to melanotic tumours and colorations of the spleen.---Red blood-corpuscles. Origin. Melanic forms. Chlorosis. Paralysis of the respiratory substance. Toxicaemia.---The nervous system. Its pretended unity.---Nerve-fibres. Peripheral nerves: their fasciculi, primitive fibres, and perineurium. Axis-cylinder (electrical substance). Medullary substance (Myeline). Non-medullated and medullated fibres. Transition from the one kind to the other: hypertrophy of the optic nerve. Different breadth of the fibres. Their terminations. Pacinian and tactile bodies. |
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Lecture XII.---The Nervous System |
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243 | (21) |
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Peripheral terminations of the nerves. Nerves of special sense. The skin and the distinction of vessel-, nerve- and cell-territories in it. Olfactory mucous membrane. Retina.---Division of nerve-fibres. The electrical organ of fishes. Muscles. Further consideration of nerve-territories.---Nervous plexuses with ganglioniform enlargements. Intestines.---Errors of the neuro-pathologists.---The great nervous centres. Grey substance. Ganglion- [nerve-] cells containing pigment. Varieties of ganglion-cells; sympathetic cells in the spinal marrow and brain, motor and sensitive cells. Multipolar (polycionous) ganglion-cells. Different nature of the processes of ganglion-cells. |
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Lecture XIII.---Spinal Cord and Brain |
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264 | (19) |
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The spinal cord. White and grey matter. Central canal. Groups of ganglion-cells. White columns and commissures.---The medulla oblongata and the brain. Its granular and bacillar layer.---The spinal cord of the petromyzon and its non-medullated fibres.---The intermediate substance (interstitial tissue). Ependyma ventriculorum. Neuro-glia. Corpora amylacea. |
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Lecture XIV.---Activity and Irritability of Cellular Elements. Different Forms of Irritation |
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283 | (33) |
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Life of individual parts. The unity of the neurists. Consciousness. Activity of individual parts. Excitability (irritability) as a general criterion of life. Meaning of irritation. Partial death. Necrosis.---Function, nutrition, and formation, as general forms of vital activity. Difference of irritability according to the different forms of activity.---Functional irritability. Nerves, muscles, ciliated epithelium, glands. Fatigue and functional restitution. Stimuli. Their specific relations. Muscular irritability.---Nutritive irritability. Maintenance and destruction of elements. Inflammation. Cloudy swelling. Kidney (morbus Brightii) and cartilage. Neuro-pathological doctrines. Skin, cornea. The humoro-pathological doctrines. Parenchymatous exudation, and parenchymatous inflammation.---Formative irritation. Multiplication of nucleoli and nuclei by division. Multi-nuclear cells; marrow-cells and myeloid tumours. Comparison between formative muscular irritation and muscular growth. Multiplication (new-formation) of cells by division. The humoro- and neuro-pathological doctrines.---Inflammatory irritation as a compound phenomenon. Neuro-paralytical inflammation (Vagus, Trigeminus). |
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Lecture XV.---Passive Processes. Fatty Degeneration |
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316 | (26) |
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Passive processes in their two chief tendencies to degeneration; Necrobiosis (softening and disintegration) and induration.---Fatty degeneration. Histological history of fat in the animal body; fat as a component of the tissues, as a transitory infiltration, and as necrobiotic matter.---Adipose tissue. Polysarcia. Fatty tumours. Interstitial formation of fat. Fatty degeneration of muscles.---Fatty infiltration. Intestines; structure and functions of the villi. Reabsorption and retention of the cycle. Liver; intermediate interchange of matter by means of the biliary ducts. Fatty liver.---Fatty metamorphosis. Glands; secretion of sebaceous matter and milk (colostrum). Granule-cells and granule-globules. Inflammatory globules. Arteries; fatty usure and atheroma in them. Fatty debris. |
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Lecture XVI.---A more Precise Account of Fatty Metamorphosis |
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342 | (25) |
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Fatty degeneration of muscles. Fatty metamorphosis of the substance of the heart. Formation of fat in the muscles in distortions.---Corpus Iuteum of the ovary. Fatty metamorphosis of pulmonary epithelium. Yellow softening of the brain. Arcus senilis.---Optical properties of fattily degenerated tissues. Renal epithelium in Bright's disease. Successive stages (cloudy swelling, fatty metamorphosis, fatty detritus (debris), atrophy). Inflammatory globules. Similarity of the result in inflammatory and non-inflammatory changes.---Atheromatous process in arteries. Its relation to ossification. Inflammatory character of the process; its analogy with endocarditis. Formation of the atheromatous deposit. Appearance of cholestearine. Arterio-sclerosis. Endoarteritis. Calcification and ossification of arteries.---Mixed, activo-passive processes. |
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Lecture XVII.---Amyloid Degeneration. Inflammation |
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367 | (28) |
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Amyloid (lardaceous or waxy) degeneration. Different nature of amyloid substances: concentric and laminated amyloid bodies (brain, prostate), and amyloid degeneration properly so called. Its course. Commencement of the affection in the minute arteries. Waxy liver. Cartilage. Dyscrasic (constitutional) character of the disease. Intestines. Kidneys: the three forms of Bright's disease (amyloid degeneration, parenchymatous, and interstitial nephritis). Lymphatic glands. Functional disturbances of the affected organs.---Inflammation. The four cardinal symptoms and their predominance in the different schools: the thermic and vascular theory; the neuro-pathologists, exudations. Inflammatory stimuli. Lesion of function. Exudation as a consequence of the activity of the tissues; mucus and fibrine. Inflammation as a complex irritative process. Parenchymatous and exudative (secretory) form. |
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Lecture XVIII.---Normal and Pathological New Formation |
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395 | (32) |
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The theory of continuous development in opposition to the blastema and exudation theory. Connective tissue and its equivalents as the most general germ-store of new-formations. Correspondence between embryonic and pathological new formation. Cell-division as the most general starting-point of new-formations.---Endogenous formation. Physalides. Brood-cavities.---Different tendencies of new-formations. Hyperplasia, direct and indirect. Heteroplasia. Pathological formative cells. Difference in their size and in the time required for their full development.---Description of the development of bone as a model-formation. Difference between formation and transformation. Fresh and growing, in opposition to macerated, bone. Nature of medullary tissue.---Growth in length of tubular [long] bones; proliferation of cartilage. Formation of marrow as a transformation of tissue; red and yellow, normal and inflammatory marrow. Osseous tissue, calcified cartilage, osteoid tissue. Bone-territories: caries, degenerative ostitis. Granulation of bone. Suppuration of bone. Maturation of pus. Ossification of marrow.---Growth of long bones in thickness; structure and proliferation of the periosteum.---Granulations as analogous to the medulla of bones, and as the starting-point of all heteroplastic development. |
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Lecture XIX.---Pathological, and especially Heterologous, New Formation |
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427 | (35) |
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Consideration of some forms of pathological formation of bone. Soft osteoma of the maxillae. Rickets. Formation of callus after fracture.---Theory of substitutive new formation in opposition to exudative. Destructive nature of new-formations. Homology and heterology (malignity). Ulceration. Mollities ossium. Proliferation and luxuriation. Medulla of bones and pus.---Suppuration. Its two forms: superficial, occurring in epithelium; and deep, in connective tissue. Eroding suppuration (skin, mucous membrane): pus- and mucus-corpuscles in their relations to epithelium. Ulcerative suppuration. Solvent properties of pus.---Connection of destruction with pathological growth and proliferation. Correspondence of the first stage in pus, cancer, sarcoma, &c. Possible duration of the life of pathologically new-formed elements, and of pathological new-formations considered as wholes (tumours). Compound nature of the larger tuberous tumours (Geschwulstknoten), and miliary character of the real foci (Heerde). Conditions of growth and recurrence: contagiousness of new-formations and import of the anastomoses of cells. Cellular pathology in opposition to the humoral and neuristic. General infection of the body. Parasitism and autonomy of new-formations. |
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Lecture XX.---Form and Nature of Pathological New-formations |
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462 | |
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Nomenclature and classification of pathological new-formations. Consistence as a principle of division. Comparison with individual parts of the body. Histological division. Apparent heterology of tubercle, colloid, &c.---Difference of form and nature: Colloid, Epithelioma, Papillary tumour, Tubercle.---Papillary tumours: simple (condylomata, papillomata) and specific (villous cancer and cauliflower-tumour).---Tubercle: infiltration and granulation. Inflammatory origin of tubercle. Its production from connective tissue. Miliary granules, and solitary masses. The cheesy metamorphosis.---Colloid: myxoma. Collonema. Mucous or gelatinous cancer.---Physiological types of heterologous new-formations; lymphoid nature of tubercle, haematoid of pus, epithelioid of cancer, cancroid, pearly and dermoid tumours, and connective-tissue-like of sarcoma. Infectiousness according to the amount of juice.---Comparison between pathological new-formations in animals and vegetables. Conclusion. |
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`On the Distinctions of a Plant and an Animal, and on a Fourth Kingdom of Nature' (1860) |
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12 | |
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`Cellular Pathology: Its Present Position' (1861) |
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7 | |
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`Cellular Pathology: Its Present Position' (1865) |
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2 | (23) |
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`On the Present Aspect of the Doctrine of Cellular Pathology' |
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25 | |
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Recent Zoology: a Tabular View of the Primary Divisions of the Animal Kingdom (1861) |
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11 | |
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`Experiments on the Formation of Infusoria in Boiled Solutions of Organic Matter' (1862) |
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9 | (43) |
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`Lectures on Molecular Physiology, Pathology, and Therapeutics' (1863) |
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52 | |
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`The Theory of Vitality' (1863) |
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24 | |
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`Erklarung des Atomistischen Wesens des Tropfbarflussigen Korperzustandes' (1863) |
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16 | (3) |
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`On the Source of Living Organisms' (1864) |
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19 | |
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1 | (53) |
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On the Formation of so-called Cells in Animal Bodies (1867) |
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54 | |
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`Untersuchungen Uber Brown's Molecularbewegung' (1867) |
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8 | (10) |
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`Observations and Experiments on Living Organisms in Heated Water' (1867) |
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18 | (32) |
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Chapter on hypothesis of pangenesis in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (1868) |
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50 | |
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`The Atmospheric Germ Theory' (1868) |
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25 | (32) |
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Essays on Physiological Subjects (1869) |
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57 | |
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`On Some Organisms Living at Great Depths in the North Atlantic Ocean' (1868) |
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10 | (31) |
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On the Anatomy of Vertebrates (1868) |
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41 | |
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`On the Molecular Origin of Infusoria' (1869) |
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16 | |
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`Professor Owen's Anatomy' (1869) |
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5 | (12) |
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`On The Physical Basis of Life' (1869) |
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17 | |
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`On Alleged ``Spontaneous Generation'' and on the Hypothesis of Physiological Units' (1870) |
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15 | |
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`Spontaneous Generation' (1869) |
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2 | |
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`Bacteria in the Protoplasm of Plants' (1869) |
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1 | (1) |
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`The Atmospheric Germ Theory' (1870) |
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1 | (20) |
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`Bioplasm and Its Degradation' (1870) |
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21 | |
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`On the so-called Molecular Movements of Microscopic Particles' (1870) |
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7 | |
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`Leibnizische gedanken in der neueren naturwissenschaft' (1870) |
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20 | |
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`Motion of Microscopic Granules' (1871) |
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2 | (16) |
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`Experiments in Pangenesis' (1871) |
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18 | |
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`On Blood-Relationship' (1872) |
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9 | (3) |
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`On Cell Theories' (1873) |
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12 | (6) |
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`The Germ Theory of Disease and Its Relations to Hygiene' (1873) |
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18 | |
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5 | (25) |
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30 | |
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`Researches on the Life History of a Cercomonad' (1873) |
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8 | (1) |
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`Further Researches into the Life History of the Monads' (1873) |
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9 | (12) |
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`Further Researches into the Life History of the Monads' (1874) |
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21 | |
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`Continued Researches into the Life History of the Monads' (1874) |
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11 | (6) |
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`Further Researches into the Life History of the Monads' (1875) |
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17 | |
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`Obituary of John Hughes Bennett' (1875) |
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6 | (9) |
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`Professor Tyndall's Experiments on Spontaneous Generation and Dr. Bastian's Position' (1876) |
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15 | (2) |
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`Practical Notes on ``Heterogenesis''' (1876) |
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17 | |
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`Perigenesis v. Pangenesis: Haeckel's New Theory of Heredity' (1876) |
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4 | (6) |
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`Relation Between the Limit of the Powers of the Microscope and the Ultimate Molecules of Matter' (1876) |
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10 | |
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`Thermo-dynamic Origin of the Brownian Motions' (1877) |
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7 | |
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`The Present Position of the Evolution Theory' (1877) |
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5 | (2) |
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`Zellentheorie nach Darwin' (1909) |
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7 | |
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