| Preface |
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vii | |
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Section I. The Definition of Philosophy |
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1 | (19) |
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To be Looked for in Philosophy as an Existing Fact---In its History---Thales and the Ionic School---The Pythagoreans---The Eleatics---Heracleitus---The Atomists---Anaxagoras---Socrates and Plato---Aristotle---Conclusion |
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Section II. The Division of Philosophy |
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20 | (2) |
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II. THE PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE |
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Part I. Cosmology: The Philosophy of Inanimate Nature |
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22 | (151) |
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25 | (5) |
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History of the Theory---Its Essential Character---Criticism |
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30 | (6) |
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Its Nature---Theories of Leibniz, Boscovich and Kant---Criticism |
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The Thomistic Theory of the Nature of Matter |
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36 | (18) |
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Nature and Data of Question---History and Explanation of Hylomorphism---The Reasons Advanced to Support it---Additional Explanations of the Meaning of `Matter' and `Form'---Some Difficulties Considered |
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54 | (13) |
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The Distinction of Quantity and Substance---Descartes' View---Reasons for Affirming the Distinction---The Nature of the Distinction---The Nature of Quantity in Itself---Its Effects---Opinions---The Usual Thomist View---Reasons in its Favour---A Difficulty Considered---The Separability of Quantity and Substance: Substance without Quantity, Quantity without Substance---A Peculiarity of Quantity |
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67 | (11) |
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Notion of Continuity---Zeno's Arguments---The Divisibility of the Continuum---Is it Composed of Indivisible Elements?---Is it Infinitely Divisible?---The Parts of the Continuum---The Indivisibles of the Continuum---Solution of Zeno's Arguments |
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78 | (25) |
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Place---Localisation---Kinds of Location |
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Space---Its Nature---Opinions---Absolutist, Subjectivist, Intermediate Theories---The Void---Conclusion as to the Nature of Space |
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The Occupation of Space---Impenetrability---Multilocation |
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103 | (6) |
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The Infinite---Its Kinds---The Possibility of Actually Infinite Quantity---Of an Actually Infinite Multitude |
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The Quality of Bodies; or Motion |
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109 | (8) |
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The Nature of Motion---Action at a Distance---The Nature of Gravitational Action |
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117 | (11) |
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Duration---Eternity, Ævum, and Time---Division of Time---Non-Thomistic Views as to the Nature of Time---Newton, Kant, Leibniz, Bergson |
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Substantial Change in General |
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128 | (13) |
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Meaning of Substantial Change---The Plurality of Forms---The Source of the New Substantial Form in Generation |
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Substantial Change in Chemical Composition: The Question of Mixtures |
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141 | (10) |
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Current Scientific Views---Philosophical Views---Thomist Opinions as to the Permanance of the Elements and Qualities in Mixtures |
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151 | (13) |
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Its Nature---Opinions---Explanation of the Thomist View---Reasons in its Favour---Meaning of `Materia Signata'---Some Difficulties Considered |
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Some General Characteristics of the Inanimate World |
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164 | (9) |
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Physical Laws and Theories---The Formation of the Material Universe---The Infinity and Eternity of the Universe |
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Part II. The Philosophy of Animate Nature |
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173 | (5) |
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Division I. Life in General |
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178 | (22) |
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179 | (6) |
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Vital Operations in General---Their Distinctive Characteristics---Different Kinds of Vital Operations---Vegetative, Sensitive, Intellectual |
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185 | (6) |
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Is it One Only in Each Individual?---A Difficulty---Opinions on the Divisibility of the Life-principle---Answer to the Question |
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191 | (5) |
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Are they Distinct from the Soul?---How are they to be Distinguished from One Another? |
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The Unity of the Living Individual |
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196 | (4) |
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Opinions---The Thomist View---Definitions of Life |
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Division II. Vegetative Life |
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200 | (11) |
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The Nature of Vegetative Life |
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201 | (6) |
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Opinions---Mechanism, Vitalism, Thomism---Reasons in Favour of the Thomist View |
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The Transmission of Vegetative Life |
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207 | (4) |
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Reproductive Processes---Thomist View of Reproduction |
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Division III. Sensitive Life |
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211 | (40) |
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212 | (6) |
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Nature of Cognition---S. Thomas' View---The Materialist and Idealist Views---The Thomist View Further Explained |
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218 | (11) |
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Necessary Conditions for Union of Subject and Object---Their Assimilation Involves Change in Both---The Intentional Species---Why they are Necessary---And Universally Necessary---The Two Kinds of Species: Impressed and Expressed---Their Nature and Mode of Production---Their Precise Function---Are Expressed Species Present in Every Cognitive Act? |
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229 | (12) |
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The Senses are Organic---Their Distinction and Number---Where Sensation Takes Place---The Objects of the Senses---Immediate and Mediate Sense Objects---Can we be said to Sense the Externality of an Object?---The Inversion of the Retinal Image---Internal Sensibility---The Sensitive Appetite |
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The Nature of the Life-principle in Animals |
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241 | (10) |
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What We Mean by `Animal'---Have they Sensation?---Opinions: Descartes, Loeb---The Thomist View---Is Sensation Peculiar to Animals?---The Life-principle in Animals Essentially Sensitive, and their Substantial Form: so One Only---Belonging to the Material Order, yet Specifically Distinct from that of Plants---Summary |
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Division IV. Intellectual Life |
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251 | (93) |
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The Nature of the Intellect |
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252 | (12) |
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Views as to its Immateriality---S. Thomas' Primary Reason for Holding it to be So---Its Objects: Common Formal Object, and Proper Formal Object---Further Reasons for Regarding the Intellect as Immaterial---The Question of Its Activity---Our Knowledge of Individuals |
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264 | (8) |
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The Empiricists---Innate Ideas---The Transcendentalists and Hegel---The Difficulty of the Question---The Thomist Solution---The Active Intellect---Its Necessity and Function---Summary of the Intellectual Process |
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The Intellectual Appetite; The Will |
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272 | (24) |
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Its Existence---Nature---What Necessity is---Freedom of the Will---History of the Problem---Summary of Opinions---Arguments in Favour of Liberty---The Limits of Liberty---Views on the Nature of Liberty---The Answer to Indeterminism---The Answer to Psychological Determinism---Summary of results arrived at |
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The Nature of the Intellectual Soul in Man |
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296 | (8) |
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Its Substantiality---Its Spirituality---It is the Substantial Form---Simple---And One Only---Differing Specifically from that of Other Animals---Reasons for this View |
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The Union of Soul and Body in Man |
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304 | (8) |
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Views on the Question---Monism---Psycho-physical Parallelism---Accidental and Essential Union---Reasons for the Thomist View---The Mode of the Union---How the Soul is Present to the Body |
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The Origin and Destiny of the Human Soul |
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312 | (9) |
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Origin---Not by Generation or Emanation, but by Creation---The Transmigration of Souls---The Thomist View of the Succession of Forms in the Individual---Immortality---Opinions---Reasons for Thomist View---The Metaphysical Argument |
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321 | (7) |
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The Origin of Life on Earth---Opinions---Spontaneous Generation---Two Forms of the Theory---Their Possibility |
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328 | (16) |
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Preliminary Remarks---Sketch of Evolutionary Theories---Lamarck---Darwin---The Materialist Theory---Reasons which Exclude It---Consideration of Evolutionary Theories in General |
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| Conclusion |
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344 | (33) |
| Prefatory Note |
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v | |
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Part I. Epistemology: The Science of Knowledge |
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1 | (7) |
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Epistemology the First Part of Metaphysics---Sketch of its History---Its Importance---Division of the Subject |
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Division I. The Sceptical Problem |
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8 | (31) |
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The States of the Mind with regard to its Objects |
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8 | (8) |
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Ignorance---Opinion---Certitude---Various Kinds of Certitude---Doubt |
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16 | (14) |
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Preliminary Remarks---Historical Sketch of Scepticism---Sceptical Arguments---The Impossibility of Complete Scepticism---The Ultimate Motive of Certitude: Objective Evidence---Kant's Explanation of the Formation of Judgements---Analysis of the Act of Judgement |
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30 | (9) |
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Kinds of Doubt---The Method of Descartes---The Dogmatic Method---The Aristotelean Method---The Method Applied: (1) to the First Principle; (2) to the First Condition |
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Division II. The Trans-subjective or Ontological Value of Knowledge |
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39 | (1) |
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Section I. The Ontological Value of our Knowledge of Concrete Things |
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39 | (37) |
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39 | (8) |
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Epistemological and Ontological Objects---Reasons in favour of Idealism---Sense Illusions---Philosophical Considerations---The Principle of Immanence---Varieties of Idealism---Realism---Illationism---Perceptionism---The Questions to be Discussed |
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The Existence of the Individual Thinking Subject |
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47 | (8) |
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Two Objections Answered---The Meaning of Consciousness---Its Infallibility---Reasons for Asserting our own Individual Existence---The Process by which we reach this Affirmation |
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The Existence of the Extra-mental and Corporeal World |
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55 | (10) |
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Absolute Idealism---The Primary Intuition of Being---Further Reasons for rejecting Absolute Idealism---Berkeley's Immaterialism---Its Inconsistency---The Principle of Immanence Criticised---The True Nature of Ideas---Summary |
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The Intuitive Character of Sense Knowledge |
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65 | (11) |
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Illationism and Perceptionism---Reasons in favour of Perceptionism---Difficulties of Illationism---An Objection Considered---'Errors of Sense': How Explained by Perceptionism---Extra-mental Reality of Proper or Secondary Sense Objects |
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Section II. The Ontological Value of our Knowledge of Abstract Things |
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76 | (81) |
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76 | (8) |
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They are General Qualities---Their Importance for Knowledge---Their Kinds---The `States of Nature'---Analysis of the Universal |
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The Problem of Universals |
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84 | (14) |
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The Difficulty Stated---Proposed Solutions---Nominalism: Greek; Mediaeval; Modern---Conceptualism: Descartes, Berkeley, Kant---Summary of Kant's View---The Successors of Kant---Extreme Realism: Platonist; Formalistic Realism; Pantheistic Realism |
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The Thomistic Solution of the Problem of Universals |
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98 | (10) |
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Criticism of Opposing Views---Nominalism---Conceptualism---Platonic Realism---Ontologism---Empirical Realism---Explanation of the Conceptualist-Realist Theory of S. Thomas---Its Three Elements---Mode of Existence of the Universal |
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The Cause of Universals---Abstraction |
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108 | (8) |
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A Psychological Difficulty---Nature of Abstraction---Division of Abstraction---Comparison---Two Kinds of Comparison---Distinction of Abstraction and Comparison---The Formation of the Universal---A Misunderstanding---S. Thomas's View of Abstraction compared with Others---Truth of Abstraction |
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116 | (9) |
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Meaning of Truth---Kinds of Truth---Analysis of the Idea of Truth---Truth Formally Found in the Judgement---Error---Its Nature---Where Error is Found---The Nature of S. Thomas's Theory of Truth |
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The Ultimate Criterion or Test of Truth |
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125 | (9) |
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Distinction of Ultimate Criterion and Ultimate Motive---To what Truths does the Ultimate Criterion Apply?---Its Conditions---Evidence as the Ultimate Criterion---The View of S. Thomas---Justification of this View---Other Opinions as to the Ultimate Criterion |
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134 | (10) |
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The Nature of Science---The Classification of the Sciences---Its Importance---Speculative and Practical Science---The Specification of the Sciences---Their Primary Division---Principles of a Complete Division |
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Experimental Science and Philosophy |
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144 | (13) |
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Four Periods in the History of Natural Science---Modern Views as to its Nature---Principles of a Solution---Conclusions |
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Part II. General Metaphysics |
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157 | (104) |
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157 | (5) |
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Nature of Metaphysics---The Notion of Being---Mistakes as to the Nature of Being |
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The Unity and Analogy of Being |
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162 | (12) |
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The Unity of Being---Formation of the Concept of Being---The Unity of Being Essential but Imperfect---The Analogy of Being---Analogy---Division of Analogy---The Opinion of Scotus---The Thomist View |
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174 | (6) |
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The Transcendental Properties---Their Number---Unity---Truth---Goodness |
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180 | (12) |
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Meaning of the word Potency---Division of Potency---The Reality of Subjective Potency---Opinions---Its Reality Established---The Nature of Act---The Relation of Potency to Act---The Limitation of Act---S. Thomas's View Explained---Applications of His Principle---An Objection Considered |
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192 | (13) |
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Meaning of Essence---Meaning of Existence---Their Distinction---Opinions---What was S. Thomas's View?---His Proofs of It---A General Argument---A Difficulty Considered---Applications of the Doctrine: With Respect to Cognition, to Being, to Operation, and to God and Creatures |
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205 | (8) |
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The Modern Objection to Substance---The Thomistic Notion---Other Conceptions of It---Further Examination of the Thomist View---The Reality of Substance---Our Knowledge of Substance---Essence and Substance |
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Subsistence and Personality |
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213 | (10) |
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First and Second Substance---The Notion of Suppositum---Person---The Formal Constituent of Subsistence---The Scotist View---Subsistence and Existence---The Distinction of Suppositum and Individual Nature---The Distinction of Subsistence and Existence---The Nature of Personality---S. Thomas's View---Individuation and Personality |
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223 | (9) |
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Predicamental and Predicable Accidents---The Nature of the Former---Their Reality---The Existence of Accidents---The Objection to the Idea of Accident---Relations---Their Reality |
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232 | (13) |
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Principle and Cause---Condition---Occasion---Division of Causes---The Principle of Causality---The Principle of the Reason of Being---Experience of Causality---Instrumental Causality |
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The Principle of Finality |
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245 | (10) |
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Existence of Finality---Division of Final Causes---The Attempt to Eliminate Finality---Aristotle and Finality---The Formulation of the Principle of Finality---It is Analogical---Its Truth Established |
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The Co-ordination of Causes |
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255 | (6) |
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Reciprocal Causation; where Possible---Its Applications---Possibility of Two Total Causes of One Effect |
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Part III. Natural Theology |
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261 | (116) |
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The Demonstrability of the Existence of God |
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261 | (16) |
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Natural Theology a Part of Metaphysics---Two Objections: God is the Object of Faith; God is Unknowable---The Answer to the First Objection---Is the existence of God Self-evident?---The Ontological Argument---Rejected by S. Thomas---The Second Objection---Hume and Kant---Conditions of a Rigorous Demonstration---The Transcendent Value of the First Notions and Principles |
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The Demonstration of the Existence of God |
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277 | (17) |
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It is a Demonstration a posteriori---The Impossibility of an Infinite Regress in Essentially Subordinated Causes---The Argument from Motion---The Cartesian Conception of Motion---The Principle of Inertia---The Argument from Efficient Causality---The Argument from Contingence---Its Relation to Other Arguments---The Henological Argument---Its Distinction from the Ontological Argument---The Argument from Finality---The Five Classical Arguments all Lead to One and the Same Being: Subsisting Existence |
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Further Considerations concerning the Existence of God |
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294 | (9) |
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The Question of the Distinction of the First Three Ways |
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Kant's Criticism of the Traditional Arguments. The Nature of His Criticism---The Reply to It |
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Other Arguments for the Existence of God. The Argument from the Eternal Truths---The Argument from Natural Desire---The Argument from Moral Obligation---A General Argument |
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303 | (9) |
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Agnosticism and Anthropomorphism---The Way of Analogy---The Via Remotionis and the Via Eminentiæ---The Formal Constituent of the Divine Nature---Various Views---The Thomist Opinion---In What Way are the Divine Attributes Found in God?---The Entitative Attributes---The Unity of God---The Truth of God---The Goodness of God---A Note on Pantheism |
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312 | (17) |
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The Existence of Knowledge in God---Its Object---His Knowledge of Creatures---His Knowledge of Possible Things---The Science of Simple Intelligence and the Science of Vision---His Knowledge of Individuals---The `Aristotelean God'---Another Difficulty---The Unity of God and the Multiplicity of Creatures---God's Knowledge of Future Contingent Things---The Medium of this Knowledge---Scientia Media---The Thomist View---Some Difficulties in Either View |
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The Divine Will and Its Effects |
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329 | (13) |
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Its Object---Its Independence---Its Diffusion of Goodness---The Notion of Creation---It is not a Change---It is a Relation---It is not Contradictory, and so is Possible---It is a Fact---Conservation is continued Creation---Creation and Time---Two Objections to Creation---Multiplicity and Unity |
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342 | (10) |
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The Fact of Divine Motion in Created Action---Views as to its Nature: Occasionalism, Molinism, Thomism---Six Characteristics of Physical Premotion---The Crucial Point of the Dispute between Molinists and Thomists---Arguments in favour of Premotion---An Objection---Determination and Necessitation---A Distinction Explained---A Further Objection |
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The Divine Omnipotence and Miracles |
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352 | (12) |
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The Nature of Miracle: The Scholastic View---The Determinist Conception---The View of the Agnostics---Three Classes of Miracle. The Possibility of Miracle: The Foundation of the Proof of its Possibility---The Laws of Nature---How far Necessary---Miracle involves no Contradiction. The Actuality of Miracles: An Objection Stated---The Reply---How an Event can be Known to be Miraculous---Summary of Conclusions |
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Providence and the Problem of Evil |
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364 | (13) |
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The General Problem---The Opinion of Deists---Optimism---The Nature of Evil---Essentially a Privation---The Origin of Physical Evil---Evil in Human Life---Moral Evil---Not attributable to Freedom---The Physical Act of Sin and God's Causality---The Thomist Explanation---Conclusion |
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| Bibliography |
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377 | (8) |
| Index |
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385 | |
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9 | (33) |
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The Cartesian Tradition and Its Development |
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Thomistic Tradition of Transcendent Immanence |
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The Nature of Knowledge in General |
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42 | (21) |
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Fundamental Principles of Natural Things |
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Fundamental Principles of Knowledge |
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63 | (34) |
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The Genesis of Impressed Intelligible Species |
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97 | (35) |
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Species of the External Senses |
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Species of the Internal Senses |
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Impressed Intelligible Species |
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Nature and Function of the Formal Concept |
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132 | (48) |
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Differences between Impressed and Expressed Species |
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180 | (33) |
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St. Thomas on Species and Object |
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Differences between Formal and Objective Concept |
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213 | (3) |
| Bibliography |
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216 | (7) |
| Index |
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223 | (214) |
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The Science and Method of Ethics |
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1 | (14) |
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Purely speculative and completely practical knowing |
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What kind of knowledge is ethics? |
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The certitude possible in ethics |
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Ethics and moral theology |
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The Problem of the Ultimate End |
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15 | (17) |
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What is the ultimate end? |
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Opinions on what happiness is |
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Summary of opinions on happiness |
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32 | (13) |
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Characteristics indicate types |
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What characterizes man as man? |
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Preliminary summary on happiness |
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Comparison with other views |
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A further difficulty about happiness |
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45 | (19) |
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The efficient cause of moral virtue |
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What determines ``good'' action? |
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The variability of the mean of virtue |
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Pleasure and pain in relation to virtue |
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The definition of virtue: the genus |
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The definition of virtue: the difference |
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The complete definition of virtue |
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When Are Actions Voluntary? |
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64 | (17) |
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Ignorance of circumstances |
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81 | (20) |
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Voluntary acts other than choice |
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Consideration of the steps in detail |
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Practical judgment and conscience |
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Judgment of choice and the free act of the will |
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Freedom of exercise and freedom of specification |
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How Do Acts Become Good or Bad? |
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101 | (15) |
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The measure of morality: right reason |
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Virtues Related to the Passions |
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116 | (28) |
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The cardinal virtue of fortitude |
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How fortitude is a perfection |
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The definition of fortitude |
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Virtues connected with fortitude |
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The cardinal virtue of temperance |
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The definition of temperance |
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The virtues under temperance |
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Virtues Related to the Will |
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144 | (27) |
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The virtue of general justice |
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The kinds of particular justice |
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Vices against commutative justice |
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Virtues allied with justice |
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Definition and acts of religion |
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171 | (26) |
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The good of the intellect |
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Speculative and practical reason |
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Practical reason and right appetite |
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Speculative intellectual virtues |
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Vices opposed to prudence |
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197 | (19) |
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The notion of common good |
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Continence and Incontinence |
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216 | (10) |
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The incontinent person and knowledge |
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Definition of continence and incontinence |
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The role of continence and incontinence |
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226 | (13) |
|
The necessity of friendship |
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|
The definition of friendship |
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|
The friendship of utility |
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|
The friendship of pleasure |
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|
The End and the Beginning |
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239 | |
|
The constituents of happiness |
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|
The issue of contemplation vs. action |
|
|
|
Can we attain such happiness? |
|
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|
Can we maintain such happiness? |
|
|
|
Essential and relative happiness |
|
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|
Is human happiness complete happiness? |
|
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|
Absolute and proportionate happiness |
|
|
|
The relation of a natural and a supernatural end |
|
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|
The domain of moral theology |
|
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|
|
|
|
|
| Preface |
|
v | |
|
|
|
|
What is the philosophy of human nature? |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
A question can have many meanings |
|
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
|
Experimental psychology and the philosophical study of man |
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4 | (2) |
|
The philosophy of human nature and metaphysics |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (3) |
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11 | (1) |
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Preliminary: the notion of unity |
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12 | (3) |
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Criteria and conditions of unity |
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15 | (3) |
|
The question: Is a living thing one or many beings? |
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18 | (1) |
|
The evidence for unity: A. From the outside: the finality of human activities |
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19 | (2) |
|
The counter-evidence for plurality |
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21 | (12) |
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The evidence for unity: B. From the inside: direct experience and reflection |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
|
III. VEGETATIVE LIFE---THE SOUL |
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39 | (1) |
|
Generic description of vegetative life |
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39 | (2) |
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Irritability and adaptation |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
|
These traits are characteristic only of living things |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (4) |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
|
Excursus: Are there purely vegetative beings? |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
|
The method: reflection, distinction, analysis |
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61 | (1) |
|
The distinction between knowledge and appetency |
|
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62 | (1) |
|
The experience of knowledge |
|
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63 | (2) |
|
The nature of a knowing subject |
|
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65 | (1) |
|
The knowing subject is in some sense immaterial |
|
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (2) |
|
Human knowing is an immanent operation |
|
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70 | (2) |
|
The difference between intentional change and natural change |
|
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72 | (2) |
|
The prerequisite for intentional activity: the species |
|
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74 | (2) |
|
Knowledge is not itself a change |
|
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
|
Knowledge is self-possession as well as possession of the other |
|
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78 | (1) |
|
Kinds of knowledge: perceptual and non-perceptual |
|
|
79 | (3) |
|
Knowledge cannot strictly be defined |
|
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
|
V. DIFFERENCES IN ACTIVITY AND THE THEORY OF POWERS |
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86 | (2) |
|
Activity is specified by its object |
|
|
88 | (4) |
|
Material and formal object |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
Application to the present problem |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
The distinction between power and substance |
|
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93 | (4) |
|
Living things and their powers |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Activity, power, and substance |
|
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98 | (1) |
|
Generic classification of human powers |
|
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (6) |
|
The basic sense of an animal |
|
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110 | (1) |
|
The proper sensible object |
|
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111 | (1) |
|
Common and incidental sensible objects |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
Are the senses active or passive powers? |
|
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
|
The immateriality of sensation |
|
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (2) |
|
``The sensible object in act is the sense in act'' |
|
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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|
Perception and sense-perception |
|
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123 | (1) |
|
Sensory awareness and the unifying sense |
|
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124 | (4) |
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128 | (6) |
|
Instinctive activities and the estimative power |
|
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134 | (5) |
|
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (2) |
|
Human instinctive activity; the discursive estimative and reminiscence |
|
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142 | (3) |
|
Attention. The ``unconscious'' |
|
|
145 | (2) |
|
Reconstruction of sense perception |
|
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147 | (3) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
|
Excursus: the nature of brute sensibility |
|
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151 | (4) |
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155 | (3) |
|
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|
|
The choice of a point of departure |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
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|
159 | (2) |
|
Confirmatory proofs for the existence and nature of the intellect |
|
|
161 | (3) |
|
The object of the intellect (I) |
|
|
164 | (3) |
|
The process of knowledge (Origin of ideas) |
|
|
167 | (6) |
|
The acts of the intellect |
|
|
173 | (7) |
|
The various material objects of the intellect |
|
|
180 | (8) |
|
The formal object of the human intellect (II) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
|
189 | (2) |
|
Relation between the intellect and phantasm in the use of knowledge |
|
|
191 | (4) |
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|
195 | (2) |
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|
197 | (2) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (3) |
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|
203 | (2) |
|
IX. APPETENCY AND APPETITE |
|
|
|
The fact of conscious tendencies and attitudes |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
Appetency is properly called passion |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Passions and the bodily resonance |
|
|
208 | (3) |
|
The basic passions: love and hate |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
The remaining principal passions: hope and fear |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
An outline view of the simple passions |
|
|
213 | (3) |
|
|
|
216 | (4) |
|
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
The two kinds (genera) of conscious appetite |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
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226 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
The fact of rational appetency and appetite |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
Some preliminary distinctions |
|
|
231 | (3) |
|
The will and extrinsic necessary |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
235 | (4) |
|
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
The acceptance of a unique means |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Consent as a terminal act |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
|
242 | (3) |
|
Complex processes of willing |
|
|
245 | (3) |
|
The imperium and the commanded act |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Diagrams of the will acts |
|
|
249 | (2) |
|
The will and the other powers |
|
|
251 | (3) |
|
|
|
254 | (2) |
|
|
|
256 | (2) |
|
|
|
258 | (2) |
|
XI. THE SENSORY APPETITES |
|
|
|
The fact of the sensory appetite |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
The two kinds of sensory (animal) appetite |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
The organ of the sensory appetites |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
How the sensory appetite is put into act |
|
|
263 | (3) |
|
The classification of the sensory passions |
|
|
266 | (3) |
|
Classification of the passions and classification of emotions, desires, and feelings |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
|
273 | (3) |
|
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Habits of the sensory appetites |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
|
279 | (2) |
|
|
|
281 | (3) |
|
|
|
284 | (3) |
|
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
The inter-relationships of habits |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
The acquiring and growth of habits |
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
298 | (4) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
The nature of the human soul: I. substantiality |
|
|
304 | (2) |
|
What kind of a cause is the soul? |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
The nature of the human soul: II. spirituality |
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
The presence of the soul in the body |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
The presence of intellect and will in the body |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
The immortality of the human soul |
|
|
312 | (4) |
|
The final cause of the soul |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
The soul's knowledge after death |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
|
319 | (2) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
XIV. HUMAN NATURE: A SYSTEMATIC SUMMARY |
|
|
|
The purpose of this summary |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Intellectual substance: its place and function in the universe |
|
|
323 | (3) |
|
The activity proper to intellectual substance |
|
|
326 | (4) |
|
The human intellect and the need for senses |
|
|
330 | (6) |
|
The human soul and its body |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
|
|
338 | (3) |
|
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
The rational appetite; freedom |
|
|
343 | (5) |
|
The will and the other powers |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (2) |
|
The immortality of the soul |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Man---individual and society |
|
|
352 | (2) |
|
|
|
354 | (83) |
|
|
|
|
Part I: Philosophical Systems |
|
|
357 | (28) |
|
A Dualism: The Platonic Man |
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
B Idealistic Monism: The Spirit-man |
|
|
361 | (3) |
|
C Materialistic Monism: The Mechanical Man |
|
|
364 | (4) |
|
D Positivism: The Unsubstantial Man |
|
|
368 | (4) |
|
E Sensism: The Animal-man |
|
|
372 | (3) |
|
F Philosophical Freudianism: The Instinctive Man |
|
|
375 | (3) |
|
G Philosophical Evolutionism: The Evolving Animal |
|
|
378 | (3) |
|
H Determinism: The Pre-determined Man |
|
|
381 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
K What Is the Philosophy of Human Nature? |
|
|
385 | (17) |
|
L Efficient Causality in Material Things |
|
|
402 | (6) |
|
M Some Corollaries about the Soul as Form |
|
|
408 | (4) |
|
N Philosophy and the Scientific Theory of Evolution |
|
|
412 | (16) |
|
O Truth and Error in the Senses |
|
|
428 | (4) |
|
P The Measurement of Intelligence |
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
Q Freedom, Hypnosis, and Post-hypnotic Suggestion |
|
|
434 | (3) |
| Index |
|
437 | |
| Preface |
|
vii | |
|
|
|
1 | (16) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
The Distinction Between Sense Knowledge and Intellectual Knowledge |
|
|
2 | (3) |
|
The Three Operations of the Intellect |
|
|
5 | (2) |
|
Logic and Logical Relationships |
|
|
7 | (2) |
|
|
|
9 | (8) |
|
|
|
11 | (6) |
|
PART I: THE LOGIC OF THE FIRST OPERATION |
|
|
|
Simple Apprehension: The First Operation |
|
|
17 | (8) |
|
The Nature of Simple Apprehension |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
The Role of Abstraction in Simple Apprehension |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
The Nature of Signs and Their Import in Logic |
|
|
20 | (3) |
|
A Comparison of the Three Operations of the Intellect in Terms of Some Significant Distinctions |
|
|
23 | (2) |
|
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
Comprehension and Extension |
|
|
25 | (10) |
|
The Comprehension of the Concept |
|
|
25 | (4) |
|
The Extension of the Concept |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
The Priority of Comprehension Over Extension |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
The Inverse Ratio Between Comprehension and Extension |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
|
31 | (4) |
|
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
The Nature of the Universal |
|
|
35 | (6) |
|
The Problem of the Universal |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
Abstraction by Way of Simple Apprehension and Abstraction by Way of Negative Judgment |
|
|
37 | (2) |
|
The Division of the Universal Into the Predicables and the Categories |
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
|
|
41 | (13) |
|
The General Notion of the Predicables |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
The Division of Universal Natures Into Five Predicables |
|
|
41 | (2) |
|
The First Predicable --- Species |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
The Second Predicable --- Genus |
|
|
44 | (2) |
|
The Third Predicable --- Difference |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
The Fourth Predicable --- Property |
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
The Fifth Predicable --- Accident |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
The Limitations of This Division |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
|
51 | (3) |
|
|
|
52 | (2) |
|
|
|
54 | (18) |
|
The General Notion of the Categories |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
Preliminary Considerations |
|
|
54 | (3) |
|
What Kind of Being Can Be Categorized |
|
|
57 | (2) |
|
The Division of Being Into Ten Categories |
|
|
59 | (3) |
|
The Ten Categories Considered Singly |
|
|
62 | (3) |
|
The Categories and the Predicables |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
|
66 | (6) |
|
|
|
69 | (3) |
|
|
|
72 | (12) |
|
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
Nominal and Real Definitions |
|
|
73 | (2) |
|
|
|
75 | (2) |
|
|
|
77 | (3) |
|
The Rules for Good Definition |
|
|
80 | (4) |
|
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
|
|
84 | (13) |
|
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
Types of Logical Division |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
Codivision and Subdivision |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
The Value of Definition and Division |
|
|
90 | (7) |
|
|
|
92 | (5) |
|
PART II: THE LOGIC OF THE SECOND OPERATION |
|
|
|
Judgment: The Second Operation |
|
|
97 | (9) |
|
The Nature of the Second Operation of the Intellect |
|
|
97 | (2) |
|
The Pre-eminence of the Second Operation |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
Judgment and the Motive for Assent |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
The Proposition and Its Elements |
|
|
101 | (5) |
|
|
|
104 | (2) |
|
|
|
106 | (14) |
|
Signification and Supposition |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
Material and Formal Supposition |
|
|
107 | (91) |
|
The Types of Formal Supposition |
|
|
198 | |
|
The Types of Real Supposition |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
Universal, Particular, and Singular Terms |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
Collective and Divisive Terms |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
Possible and Actual Existence |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
Nonsupposing Subject-Terms |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
The Unity of Terms and Logical Discourse |
|
|
115 | (5) |
|
|
|
117 | (3) |
|
The Categorical Proposition |
|
|
120 | (9) |
|
The Difference Between the Categorical and Compound Proposition |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
Simply Attributive and Modal Propositions |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
The Division of the Proposition by Way of Quality |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
The Division of the Proposition by Way of Quantity |
|
|
122 | (2) |
|
The Extension of the Predicate |
|
|
124 | (2) |
|
A, E, I, and O Propositions |
|
|
126 | (3) |
|
|
|
127 | (2) |
|
|
|
129 | (18) |
|
The Nature of the Compound Proposition |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
Conjunctive and Hypothetical Propositions |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
The Copulative Proposition |
|
|
130 | (2) |
|
Adversative and Causal Propositions |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
The Conditional Proposition |
|
|
133 | (2) |
|
The Alternative Proposition |
|
|
135 | (2) |
|
The Disjunctive Proposition |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Reduction of Alternative and Disjunctive Propositions to the Conditional |
|
|
137 | (2) |
|
Categorical Propositions Expressed as Hypothetical |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
The Symbolic Representation of Compound Propositions |
|
|
139 | (2) |
|
The Truth-Functional Proposition and Its Truth Table |
|
|
141 | (2) |
|
|
|
143 | (4) |
|
|
|
144 | (3) |
|
Relations Between Propositions |
|
|
147 | (26) |
|
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
The Nature and Types of Opposition |
|
|
148 | (4) |
|
|
|
152 | (2) |
|
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
The Nature and Types of Conversion |
|
|
155 | (2) |
|
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
|
|
159 | (2) |
|
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
Propositional Relations for the Singular Proposition |
|
|
163 | (3) |
|
|
|
166 | (7) |
|
|
|
167 | (6) |
|
PART III: THE LOGIC OF THE THIRD OPERATION |
|
|
|
Reasoning: The Third Operation of the Intellect |
|
|
173 | (9) |
|
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
The Argument and Its Elements |
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
|
|
176 | (2) |
|
|
|
178 | (4) |
|
|
|
180 | (2) |
|
The Nature of the Categorical Syllogism |
|
|
182 | (14) |
|
The Definition of the Categorical Syllogism |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
The Elements of the Categorical Syllogism |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
Direct and Indirect Conclusions |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
The Figures of the Categorical Syllogism |
|
|
185 | (3) |
|
The Moods of the Categorical Syllogism |
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188 | (1) |
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The Basic Principles for Categorical Syllogism |
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189 | (2) |
|
An Objection to the Categorical Syllogism |
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191 | (2) |
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The Expository ``Syllogism'' |
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193 | (3) |
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194 | (2) |
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The Rules for the Categorical Syllogism |
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196 | (26) |
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The General Rules for Any Figure |
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196 | (9) |
|
The Special Rules for Each Figure of the Categorical Syllogism |
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205 | (3) |
|
The Valid Moods of the Categorical Syllogism |
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208 | (5) |
|
The Reduction of the Syllogism to the First Figure |
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|
213 | (9) |
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|
218 | (4) |
|
The Hypothetical Syllogism |
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222 | (21) |
|
The Nature and Types of the Hypothetical Syllogism |
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|
222 | (1) |
|
The Figures and Moods of the Hypothetical Syllogism |
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|
223 | (2) |
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The Simple Conditional Syllogism |
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225 | (2) |
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The Case of the ``Disguised'' Categorical Major |
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227 | (2) |
|
The Reciprocal Conditional Syllogism |
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229 | (2) |
|
The Inclusive Alternative Syllogism |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
The Exclusive Alternative Syllogism |
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|
232 | (2) |
|
The Disjunctive Syllogism |
|
|
234 | (2) |
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The Reduction of Alternative and Disjunctive Syllogisms to the Conditional Syllogism |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Hypothetical Syllogisms With a Multimembered Major |
|
|
237 | (2) |
|
Major Premises With Compound Components |
|
|
239 | (4) |
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|
|
240 | (3) |
|
Complex Syllogistic Patterns |
|
|
243 | (15) |
|
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
The Abbreviated Syllogism |
|
|
243 | (2) |
|
The Syllogism With a Justification for Its Premises |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
|
|
247 | (1) |
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|
|
248 | (3) |
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251 | (2) |
|
Combinations of Complex Syllogisms |
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|
253 | (5) |
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|
|
254 | (4) |
|
Demonstrative and Dialectical Discourse |
|
|
258 | (22) |
|
The Syllogism Materially Considered |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Science and Demonstration |
|
|
258 | (2) |
|
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
The Requirements for the Premises of Demonstration |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
Universality, Perseity, and Convertibility |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
|
264 | (6) |
|
The Middle Term in Demonstration |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
271 | (9) |
|
|
|
276 | (4) |
|
|
|
280 | (17) |
|
The Insufficiency of Deduction |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
The Self-Evident Proposition |
|
|
282 | (2) |
|
The Types of Self-Evident Propositions |
|
|
284 | (2) |
|
The Induction of Self-Evident Propositions |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (3) |
|
The Problem of the Inductive Enumeration |
|
|
290 | (7) |
|
|
|
294 | (3) |
|
|
|
297 | (12) |
|
The Notion of the Fallacies |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
The Fallacies of Language |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
Fallacies Beyond Language |
|
|
300 | (9) |
|
|
|
306 | (3) |
|
|
|
309 | (16) |
|
The Purpose of This Chapter |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (4) |
|
The Logic of the First Operation, the Logic of the Second Operation, and the Logic of the Third Operation |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Formal and Material Logic |
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Doctrinal Logic and Logic in Use |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
The Question of Symbolic Logic |
|
|
321 | (4) |
|
|
|
323 | (2) |
| Index |
|
325 | |
