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Item Detail

Money & Schools

Author(s): Thompson, David C.; Wood, R. Craig

ISBN10: 1883001455

ISBN13: 9781883001452

Cover: Hardcover

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

(2)

FOREWORD

vii

PART I: OVERVIEW OF BROAD CONCEPTS

(100)

1 SCHOOLS, VALUES, AND MONEY

(16)

The Context of Public Education

(1)

What Are Schools Becoming?

(12)

Where Did Schools Come From?

(2)

What Should Schools Be Doing?

(2)

What Are Schools Capable of Doing?

(1)

What Is the Effect of Money on Schools?

(4)

What Happens When Schools Get More (or Less) Money?

(3)

Where Public Schools May Be Headed

(3)

2 SCHOOL FUNDS ACCOUNTABILITY AND PROFESSIONALISM

(34)

Setting the Stage

(1)

School Funds Accountability

(29)

What Is Accountability?

(2)

What Are Fiduciary Responsibilities?

(3)

How Does the Accounting Process Help?

(3)

What Are the Purposes of Accounting?

(3)

How Is School Money Set Up?

(4)

Fund Structure

(3)

Governmental Funds

(1)

Proprietary Funds

(1)

Fiduciary Funds

(1)

Account Groups

(1)

An Intermediate Overview

(1)

How Does School Money Get Tracked?

(17)

Revenue Structure

(3)

Expenditure Structure

(6)

The Accounting Transaction

(3)

Auditing

(5)

Types of Audits

(5)

A Final Word About Professionalism

(4)

3 BASIC FUNDING STRUCTURES

(22)

The Context of Funding

(1)

Revenue for Schools

(7)

What Is the Overarching Tax System?

(6)

What Is the Federal Tax System?

(2)

What Is the State Tax System?

(2)

What Is the Local Tax System?

(1)

Tax System Summary

(1)

Funding for Schools

(14)

What Are State Aid Formulas?

(1)

Where Did Aid Formulas Come From?

(2)

What Is a Fair Formula?

(5)

Flat Grants

(1)

Equalization Grants

(1)

Multitier Grants

(1)

Full State Funding Grants

(1)

Adjustments to Basic Formulas

(2)

Need Equalization

(1)

Cost Equalization

(1)

How Do States Fund Schools?

(1)

Are There Innovations on the Horizon?

(4)

4 LEGAL LIABILITY

(26)

Modern Realities

(1)

The Law and Schools

(24)

What Does the Law Have to Do With Schools?

(4)

The Derivation of School Authority

(3)

Federal Constitution

(1)

Congress

(1)

Federal Judiciary

(1)

State Constitutions

(1)

State Legislatures

(1)

State Judiciary

(1)

State Boards of Education

(1)

Local Authority to Act

(1)

What Is the Origin of Liability?

(19)

Sovereign Immunity

(5)

Proprietary Acts Exception

(1)

Nuisance Exception

(1)

Eleventh Amendment Exception

(1)

Tort Liability

(4)

Intentional Torts

(1)

Negligence

(2)

Civil Rights

(2)

Defamation

(2)

Educational Malpractice

(1)

Contracts

(2)

Recovery Under Contracts

(2)

What Does All This Mean?

(2)

PART II: OPERATIONALIZING SCHOOL MONEY

101

(180)

5 BUDGET PLANNING

103

(40)

The Game Plan

103

(1)

Conceptualizing Budgets

104

(4)

What Are the Basic Budget Concepts?

104

(4)

Organizing for Budgeting

108

(8)

What Are the Common Approaches to Budgeting?

108

(6)

Incremental Budgeting

108

(1)

Line-item Budgeting

109

(1)

Program Budgeting

110

(1)

Program, Planning, and Budgeting Systems

111

(1)

Zero-based Budgeting

112

(1)

School-site Budgeting

113

(1)

What Is a Good Budget Framework?

114

(2)

Constructing Budgets

116

(23)

What Is the Budget Model?

116

(3)

What Is the General Budget Process?

119

(17)

Estimating Revenues

119

(3)

Envisioning Educational Programs

122

(1)

Estimating Expenditures

123

(8)

Balancing the Budget

131

(5)

Increased Revenue

132

(1)

Static and Declining Revenue

133

(3)

Completing the Budget Process

136

(1)

How Are Individual Schools Funded?

136

(3)

What Is the Role of Stakeholders?

139

(4)

6 BUDGETING FOR PERSONNEL

143

(36)

The General Landscape

143

(1)

The Personnel Function

144

(9)

What Is the Scope of the Personnel Function?

144

(9)

Determining Staffing Needs

147

(3)

Recruitment and Selection

150

(2)

Other Personnel Budget Issues

152

(1)

Personnel Compensation Policies and Procedures

153

(16)

What Is the Role of Compensation?

154

(15)

General Issues

154

(5)

Negotiations

159

(10)

Basic Elements

159

(2)

Costing-out Salary Proposals

161

(5)

Impasse Resolution

166

(3)

Other Issues of Personnel Budgeting

169

(8)

What About Merit Pay?

169

(3)

What About RIF and Other Dismissals?

172

(3)

What About Due Process?

175

(2)

What Is the Role of Stakeholders?

177

(2)

7 BUDGETING FOR INSTRUCTION

179

(30)

The Big Picture

179

(1)

The Planning Function

180

(2)

What Is Instructional Planning?

180

(2)

District Mission and Goals

180

(1)

School Mission and Goals

181

(1)

Organizational Options

182

(4)

How Are Schools Organized?

182

(4)

Centralized Structure

182

(1)

Management Teams

183

(1)

Site-based Management

183

(3)

Instructional Budget Concepts

186

(15)

What Are Instructional Budgets?

186

(6)

What Are the Sources of Revenue?

192

(4)

External Sources

192

(1)

District Revenue Structures

193

(2)

School Revenue Structures

195

(1)

What Are the Elements of Budgeting for Instruction?

196

(2)

Needs Assessment

196

(1)

Determining Revenues and Educational Plans

196

(2)

District Coordination

198

(1)

What Does an Instructional Budget Look Like?

198

(3)

Wrap-up

201

(8)

8 BUDGETING FOR STUDENT ACTIVITIES

209

(16)

Activities and Schools

209

(1)

What Is the Role of Activities?

210

(1)

Budgeting for Activities

211

(11)

What Are Activity Funds?

211

(3)

Student Activity Funds

212

(1)

District Activity Funds

213

(1)

What Are the Controls on Activity Funds?

214

(6)

Lines of Authority

214

(1)

Suggested Activity Fund Policies

215

(1)

General Policies

215

(1)

Segregation of Duties

216

(1)

Internal Controls on Cash

217

(1)

Disbursement Procedures

218

(2)

What About Nonactivity Funds?

220

(2)

Fee Funds

220

(1)

Sales Tax

220

(1)

Petty Cash

221

(1)

What Does an Activity Fund Report Look Like?

222

(1)

A Final Word of Caution

222

(3)

9 BUDGETING FOR CAPITAL OUTLAY, MAINTENANCE, AND OPERATIONS

225

(28)

Physical Needs in Perspective

225

(1)

Structure of School Facility and Capital Needs

225

(15)

What Is the Role of Facilities and Capital Outlay?

226

(4)

The Condition of School Facilities

227

(3)

How Are School Facilities Aided?

230

(5)

Full State Funding

232

(1)

Equalization Grants

232

(1)

Matching Grants

233

(1)

Flat Grants

233

(1)

State Loans

234

(1)

State or Local Authorities

234

(1)

How Is the Local Cost Share Funded?

235

(5)

Current Revenues

236

(1)

Sinking Funds

237

(1)

Bonded Indebtedness

237

(1)

The Bonding Process

238

(2)

Facility Planning and Maintenance

240

(10)

What Is the Role of Facility Planning?

240

(6)

Demographic Planning

242

(1)

Capital Program Planning

243

(1)

Facility Planning and Programming

243

(1)

Architectural Planning

244

(1)

Construction Planning

245

(1)

What Is the Role of Maintenance and Operations?

246

(4)

Organizing for M&O

247

(2)

Determining Maintenance Needs

249

(1)

Conducting Facility Operations

249

(1)

Wrap-up

250

(3)

10 BUDGETING FOR TRANSPORTATION AND FOOD SERVICE

253

(28)

Setting the Stage

253

(1)

The Role of Auxiliary Services

254

(1)

The Transportation Function

254

(14)

What Are the Origins and Purpose?

255

(2)

What Is Transportation Law?

257

(4)

How Is Transportation Funded?

261

(3)

What Other Issues Are Relevant?

264

(4)

Owning or Contracting

264

(1)

Computerizing Transportation Services

265

(1)

Purchasing Buses

266

(1)

Maintenance and Safety

267

(1)

The Food Service Function

268

(10)

What Are the General Issues?

268

(1)

How Is Food Service Funded?

269

(5)

Federal Support

269

(1)

State Support

270

(2)

The Local Role

272

(2)

What Other Issues Are Relevant?

274

(4)

Broad Compliance Requirements

274

(1)

Organizing for Food Service

275

(3)

Management Companies

275

(1)

In-house Operations

276

(1)

Financial Management

277

(1)

Wrap-up

278

(3)

PART III: A VIEW OF THE FUTURE

281

(36)

11 SITE-BASED LEADERSHIP REVISITED

283

(22)

Pulling It Together

283

(1)

The Site Concept

284

(1)

Framework for Implementation

285

(18)

What Is the Strategic Concept?

285

(5)

Assessment

286

(1)

Implementation

286

(1)

Accountability

287

(3)

What Is the Role of the Principal?

290

(1)

What Is the Role of the Central Office?

291

(1)

What Is the Role of the Site Council?

292

(5)

Organization

293

(1)

Membership

293

(2)

Legitimate Control

295

(2)

What Are the Budget Issues?

297

(6)

Basic Knowledge

297

(1)

Site Knowledge

298

(3)

Revisiting a Sample District

301

(2)

Final Comments

303

(2)

12 FUTURE TRENDS IN SCHOOL FUNDING

305

(12)

The Big Picture

305

(1)

What Are the Issues?

306

(10)

Lessons From This Book

306

(3)

Future Issues in School Funding

309

(7)

Politics of Money

310

(1)

The Economy

311

(1)

Equity, Excellence, and Efficiency

312

(2)

Educational Choice

314

(1)

Devolution of Governance

315

(1)

A Final Word

316

(1)

INDEX

317

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