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Balancing Local Control and State Responsibility for K-12 Education: 2000 Yearbook of the American Education Finance Association

Author(s): Theobald, Neil

ISBN10: 188300196X

ISBN13: 9781883001964

Cover: Hardcover

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About the Editors and Contributors

PART I: INTRODUCTION

(18)

Introduction and Overview: Balancing Local Control and State Responsibility for K-12 Education

(16)

Neil D. Theobald

Jeffrey Bardzell

Background

(4)

Taxonomy of State

School Funding Activism

(2)

Social Values Pursued Through State Activism

(1)

Equity-Enhancing Initiatives

(1)

Efficiency-Enhancing Initiatives

(1)

Liberty-Enhancing Initiatives

(1)

Approaches to State Activism

(1)

Assistance-Oriented Approaches

(1)

Persuasive Approaches

(1)

Regulatory Approaches

(1)

Overview of the Yearbook

(4)

References

(2)

PART II: FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING LOCAL CONTROL OF SCHOOLS

(102)

Political Philosophy and the Balance Between Central and Local Control of Schools

(26)

Barry Bull

The Scope of Change in School Governance

(1)

Possible Influences on the Change in School Governance

(3)

The Political Values of School Governance

(14)

Liberty

(1)

Liberty and Local Governance

(2)

Liberty and Central Governance

(1)

Liberty and the Justification of the Standards-Based Model of Central Governance

(1)

The Division of Control Between Central and Local Authorities as Promoting Liberty

(1)

Equality of Opportunity

(1)

Equal Opportunity and Universal Education

(1)

Equal Opportunity and the Justification of Standards-Driven Reform

(2)

The Division of Control Between Central and Local Authorities as Promoting Equal Opportunity

(1)

Democracy

(1)

Standards-Driven Reform as Based on an Authoritarian Conception of Democracy

(2)

A Progressive Conception of Democracy

(1)

Conclusions about the Balance of Local and Central Control of Schools

(5)

The Legitimate Roles of Central Authorities

(1)

The Legitimate Roles of Local Authorities

(1)

Divided Governance and School Funding

(1)

References

(2)

The Limits of Standardization and the Importance of Constituencies: Historical Tensions in the Relationship Between State Authority and Local Control

(46)

Nancy Beadie

The Colonial Period: Parental Responsibility and Local Initiative

(3)

The Early National Period: Creation of Permanent School Funds

(3)

The Antebellum Period: Establishing the Principle of ``Free'' Common Schooling

(5)

Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Post-Reconstruction Era, 1860-1890: Efforts at Standardization

(5)

Progressive Era, 1890-1930: Defining the Issue of Local Control

(8)

The Great Depression, World War II, and the Postwar Era: The Consolidation of State Authority

(8)

Concluding Discussion

(3)

References

(7)

Recent Litigation and its Impact on the State-Local Power Balance: Liberty and Equity in Governance, Litigation, and the School Finance Policy Debate

(28)

John Dayton

Liberty, Governance, and the Delicate Balance of Power

(5)

Liberty and Constitutional Governance

(2)

Liberty and a System of Checks and Balances

(2)

Liberty and the Governance of Public Schools

(1)

Equity and School Funding Litigation Since

(8)

Serrano v. Priest

Equity Litigation

(4)

Altruism versus the Politics of Self-Interests

103

(2)

Does Money Matter?

105

(2)

Discussion

107

(9)

Conclusion

116

(1)

References

117

(4)

PART III: STATE ACTIVISM IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY

121

(76)

Converging Forces: Understanding the Growth of State Authority Over Education

123

(24)

Frances C. Fowler

What Is Local Control?

124

(4)

The Legal Foundations of Local Control

124

(1)

Why Local Governments Are Necessary

124

(1)

The Federal Relationship

125

(1)

The Unitary Relationship

125

(1)

The Relationship Between States and School Districts

125

(1)

The Structural Location of ``Local'' Control

126

(2)

The Transformation of the States

128

(15)

The State-Level Vacuum of the Past

128

(3)

The Transformation of State Government by National Forces

131

(1)

Changes in the Electorate

131

(1)

The Impact of Federal Programs

132

(1)

Constitutional and Legal Reforms of State Government

133

(1)

Executive Branch Reforms

133

(1)

Legislative Reforms

134

(1)

Reforms of the Court System

135

(1)

The Growth of the Intergovernmental Lobby

135

(2)

The Fiscal Crisis of Local Government

137

(1)

The Transformation of State Government by International Forces

138

(1)

Globalization

138

(1)

Jihad vs. McWorld

139

(1)

The ``New Federalism'' from a Global Perspective

140

(2)

Competitive Federalism and Local Control

142

(1)

Whither Local Control

143

(1)

References

144

(3)

State Politics and School Reform: The First Decade of the ``Education Excellence'' Movement

147

(50)

Tim L. Mazzoni

Expanded State Activism

148

(12)

Background Forces

149

(1)

Federal Impetus for Reform

150

(2)

State Sources of Activism

152

(2)

The Reformist South

154

(2)

Enabling and Energizing Forces

156

(3)

``Windows'' and ``Entrepreneurs''

159

(1)

The Politics of Reform Policymaking

160

(21)

Process Characteristics

160

(3)

Mainstream Politics

163

(1)

Gubernatorial Activism

164

(5)

Big Business Involvement

169

(4)

National Organization and Network Influences

173

(8)

Continuity and Change

181

(3)

References

184

(13)

PART IV: LOCAL AUTONOMY IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY

197

(114)

Creating ``A New Set of Givens''? The Impact of State Activism on School Autonomy

199

(46)

Betty Malen

Donna Muncey

Conceptual Perspectives, Data Sources, and Limitations

200

(4)

Prominent Views of State Activism and Site Autonomy

204

(3)

Potential Limitations of the Prominent Thesis

207

(3)

Underestimating the Impact of Agenda Control

208

(1)

Equating Ingenuity with Autonomy

208

(1)

Casting the Exception as the Rule

209

(1)

Overlooking the Possibility of Implicit Influence

209

(1)

An Alternative Hypothesis

210

(19)

Apparent Relinquishing of Power: Decentralization and Deregulation

211

(1)

Scope and Stability of ``New'' Authority

212

(1)

Rule and Resource Constraints

213

(3)

Delegation of Responsibility versus Extension of Autonomy

216

(1)

Aggressive Reclaiming of Power: Standards and Assessments

217

(3)

Content of Curriculum

220

(2)

Allocation of Time

222

(1)

Deployment of Personnel

223

(1)

Focus of Professional Development

224

(1)

Substance and Structure of Site-Level Deliberations and Decisions

225

(1)

Conceptions of the Primary Purposes of Schooling

226

(1)

Conceptions of Legitimate Roles and Relationships

227

(1)

A ``New Set of Givens''

228

(1)

A Provisional Reappraisal of State Activism and Site Autonomy

229

(2)

Implications for Future Research

231

(2)

References

233

(12)

Salvaging Fiscal Control: New Sources of Local Revenue for Public Schools

245

(34)

Michael F. Addonizio

National Trends in Public School Spending

246

(2)

Sources of Nontraditional Revenue

248

(10)

Donor Activities

249

(1)

Direct Donations

249

(1)

Indirect Donations

250

(1)

School District Foundations

250

(1)

Booster Clubs

251

(1)

Enterprise Activities

252

(1)

User Fees

252

(1)

Impact of Developer Fees

253

(1)

Leasing of Facilities and Services

254

(1)

Sale of School Access

254

(1)

Personal Seat Licenses

255

(1)

Shared or Cooperative Activities

256

(1)

Governmental Agencies

256

(1)

Higher Education

256

(1)

Private Nonprofit Agencies

257

(1)

Business and Industry

257

(1)

Reporting Nontraditional Revenue

258

(3)

Public School Revenue Trends in Michigan

261

(12)

Pre-Reform Period

261

(1)

Michigan School Finance Reform

261

(3)

Aggregate Revenue Trends

264

(1)

Nontraditional Revenues for Michigan Public Schools

265

(1)

Local Education Foundations in Michigan

266

(5)

Comparison of Foundation and Non-Foundation Districts

271

(2)

Summary and Conclusions

273

(2)

References

275

(4)

Organizational Boundaries, Authority, and School District Organization

279

(32)

Patrick Galvin

Educational Reform, Authority, and the School District

281

(2)

Productivity and the History of Educational Reform

283

(9)

School Organization and Productivity

285

(2)

Regulatory Reform, Markets, and Education

287

(5)

The New Institutional Economics: Economics of Production versus Economics of Governance

292

(6)

Once and Future Role of Intermediate Tier of Governance

298

(5)

Conclusion

303

(2)

References

305

(6)

PART V: CONCLUSION

311

(22)

Achieving A ``Just Balance'' Between Local Control of Schools and State Responsibility for K-12 Education: Summary Observations and Research Agendas

313

(20)

Betty Malen

Neil Theobald

Jeffrey Bardzell

Summary Observations

314

(8)

Governmental Relationships as Continually Contested Terrain

315

(1)

State Government as Ascending Power

316

(3)

Efficiency as Dominant Social Value

319

(2)

State Activism as Enduring Phenomenon

321

(1)

Research Agendas

322

(5)

Actors and Arenas

322

(1)

Costs and Consequences

323

(4)

Benefits and Burdens

327

(1)

References

327

(6)

Index

333

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