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Science > Evolution
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The Evolution of the Genome

Author(s): Gregory

Edition: 1st
ISBN10: 0123014638
ISBN13: 9780123014634
Cover: Hardcover
 
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Table of ContentsEditorial Reviews
PART I The C-value Enigma
Genome Size Evolution in Animals
T. Ryan Gregory
Why Should Anyone Care about Genome Size?
4(1)
Genome Size in Animals: A Historical Perspective
5(5)
The Discovery of DNA
5(1)
``A Remarkable Constancy'' and the Origin of the ``C-value''
6(1)
The C-value Paradox
7(2)
The Modern View: From Paradox to Puzzle
9(1)
The State of Knowledge of Animal Genome Size
10(2)
The Animal Genome Size Database
10(2)
Patterns of Variation
12(12)
Vertebrates (and Nonvertebrate Chordates)
12(4)
Invertebrates
16(8)
Intraspecific Variation in Animals
24(3)
Mechanisms of Genome Size Change
27(13)
``Selfish DNA'' and the Spread of Transposable Elements
27(2)
``Junk DNA'' and the Accumulation of Pseudogenes
29(2)
Introns
31(1)
Chromosome-Level Events
31(1)
Polyploidy, C-value, and Genome Size
32(2)
Sentinel Sequences and Global Forces
34(1)
Insertion--Deletion Biases
35(4)
Genome Size and G+C Content
39(1)
Assessing the Directionality of Animal Genome Size Evolution
40(1)
Genome Size and Cell Size
41(11)
Explaining the Correlation
48(4)
Genome Size and Organismal Phenotypes
52(15)
Body Size
53(1)
Metabolism
54(6)
Developmental Rate
60(2)
Developmental Complexity
62(2)
Organ Complexity
64(2)
Longevity
66(1)
Measuring Animal Genome Sizes
67(4)
Flow Cytometry
67(1)
Feulgen Microdensitometry
68(1)
Feulgen Image Analysis Densitometry
69(1)
What about Genome Sequencing?
69(2)
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
71(19)
Genome Size Evolution in Plants
Michael D. Bennett
Ilia J. Leitch
A Brief History of Genome Size Study in Plants
90(4)
The First Estimates of DNA Amounts
90(2)
The Main Areas of Focus of Early Genome Size Studies
92(1)
Impact of the Molecular Revolution on Genome Size Research
93(1)
Genome Size Studies in the Post-Genomic Era
94(1)
The State of Knowledge Regarding Plant Genome Sizes
94(4)
C-values in Cyberspace: Development of the Plant DNA C-values Database
95(1)
Uses and Users of the Plant DNA C-values Database
96(2)
Patterns in Plant Genome Size Evolution
98(5)
The Extent of Variation across Plant Taxa
98(1)
Genome Size in a Phylogenetic Context
99(4)
How Do Plant Genome Sizes Evolve?
103(11)
Sequences Responsible for the Range of Genome Sizes Encountered in Plants
105(1)
What Triggers the Spread of Transposable Elements?
106(3)
Satellite DNA
109(1)
Genome Size Increase by Polyploidy
109(3)
Mechanisms of Genome Size Decrease
112(2)
Key Correlates of Genome Size across Plant Species
114(15)
Early Work on the Phenotypic Consequences of Genome Size Variation in Plants
114(2)
Chromosome Size
116(2)
Nucleus Size
118(1)
Cell Size
118(1)
Cell Division Rate
119(2)
Causation at the Cellular Level: The Nucleotype Concept
121(1)
Pollen and Seeds
122(2)
Minimum Generation Time and Developmental Lifestyle
124(4)
Physiology and Climate Response
128(1)
Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Genome Size Variation
129(5)
Geographical Distribution and the Large Genome Constraint Hypothesis
130(2)
Genome Size and Plant Response to Human Environmental Change
132(2)
Intraspecific Variation in Genome Size
134(7)
Overview of Intraspecific Variation
134(2)
Genuine Intraspecific Variation in Angiosperms
136(1)
The Special Case of Maize
137(1)
Genuine Intraspecific Variation in Nonangiosperms
138(1)
Intraspecific Variation and Speciation
139(1)
The Mystery of DNA Constancy
140(1)
Methodology for Estimating Genome Size in Plants
141(8)
Chemical Extraction and Reassociation Kinetics
141(1)
Feulgen Microdensitometry
142(2)
Feulgen Image Analysis Densitometry
144(1)
Flow Cytometry
145(2)
Complete Genome Sequencing
147(1)
Some Comments on Plant Genome Size Standards
148(1)
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
149(16)
Expansion of the Plant Genome Size Dataset
150(1)
Mechanistic Questions
151(1)
Ecological and Environmental Questions
151(1)
Evolutionary Questions
151(14)
PART II The Evolution of Genomic Parasites
Transposable Elements
Margaret G. Kidwell
A Brief History of the Study of Transposable Elements
165(5)
The Discovery of Transposable Elements
166(1)
Early TE Studies in Bacteria
167(1)
Early TE Studies in Fungi
167(1)
Early TE Studies in Plants
168(1)
Early TE Studies in Animals
168(1)
A Recent Explosion of New Information from DNA Sequencing
169(1)
Who Cares about Transposable Elements?
170(1)
How Are TEs Classified?
170(10)
Autonomous and Nonautonomous Elements
170(1)
Classification Based on Mode of Transposition
171(8)
The Relationship Between Class I and II Elements
179(1)
Hallmarks of TE Sequences
180(2)
Dispersed Multigene Families
180(1)
Target Site Duplications
180(1)
Terminal Repeats
180(1)
Coding Regions and Motifs
181(1)
Fixed and Segregating Insertion Sites
182(1)
Methods Used in the Identification and Study of TEs
182(4)
Genetic Analysis of Naturally Occurring Unstable Mutations
182(1)
Methods of Molecular Analysis
183(1)
Data from Genome Sequencing Projects
184(1)
Reconstruction of Ancestral TEs from Incomplete Contemporary Copies
185(1)
Databases for Repetitive DNA Sequences
185(1)
Phylogenetic Analysis
185(1)
Applications of TEs to Other Areas of Biology
186(2)
Transformation Systems Based on Transposable Elements
186(1)
Transposable Element Mutagenesis and Gene Tagging
186(1)
Transposable Elements as Markers in Evolutionary Studies
187(1)
The Use of Mobile Introns for Targeted Gene Manipulation
188(1)
The Prevalence of TEs in Eukaryotic Genomes
188(5)
Ancient Origins
188(1)
Present-Day Prevalence
189(1)
Examples of Common TEs in Familiar Organisms
189(4)
The Distribution of TEs Within Genomes
193(4)
Selection as a Mechanism for Reducing TE Copy Number
193(1)
The Role of Recombination in Determining TE Distributions
194(1)
TE Frequencies in Euchromatin and Heterochromatin
195(1)
Inter- and Intrachromosomal Variation in TE Density
195(1)
TE Target Site Specificities
196(1)
The Dynamics of TE Evolution
197(4)
Long-Term Evolution and TE Life Cycles
197(1)
Mechanisms of Spread and Loss
198(3)
Regulation of TE Activity
201(4)
Element-Mediated Regulation
201(1)
Host-Mediated Regulation of TE Activity
202(1)
Repeat-Induced Gene Silencing
203(1)
Disruption of TE Regulation by Environmental Stresses
204(1)
A Continuum of TE-Host Interactions from Parasitism to Mutualism
205(1)
TEs as Mutagens and Sources of Genomic Variation
205(8)
Coding Sequences and the Evolution of Novel Host Genes
205(2)
Introns
207(1)
Alternative Splicing
207(1)
Gene Regulatory Sequences
207(1)
Telomeres
208(1)
Centromeres
209(1)
Transduction
210(1)
Genome Size
211(1)
Host Genome Structure
212(1)
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
213(11)
B Chromosomes
Juan Pedro M. Camacho
A Brief History of the Study of B Chromosomes
224(3)
The Name Game
224(1)
What is a ``B Chromosome''?
225(1)
B Chromosomes as Genomic Parasites
225(2)
The Frequency of B Chromosome Infection
227(6)
How Widely Distributed Are B Chromosomes?
227(3)
The Likelihood of Infection
230(1)
Variation in the Intensity of Infection
230(3)
The Biology of B Chromosomes
233(13)
Size
233(1)
Structure
234(1)
Composition
234(6)
Meiotic Behavior
240(2)
Mechanisms of Drive
242(3)
Centromeric Drive
245(1)
The Origin(s) of B Chromosomes
246(6)
Derivation from A Chromosomes
247(1)
From Which Species?
248(1)
From Which Population?
249(1)
From Which Chromosome?
249(1)
Accumulation of Transposable Elements
250(1)
Similarities to Sex Chromosomes: Analogy or Homology?
251(1)
Drive to Survive!
252(1)
Interactions with the Host Genome
252(9)
Effects on Gene Expression
253(1)
Recombination in A Chromosomes
253(3)
The Odd-Even Effect
256(2)
Host Resistance
258(2)
Host Tolerance
260(1)
Interactions with the Host Organism
261(4)
Impacts on the Cellular and Organismal Phenotypes
261(2)
B Chromosomes and Host Reproductive Mode
263(1)
Population Dynamics
264(1)
Parasite Prudence
264(1)
The Dynamics of B Chromosome Evolution
265(8)
The B Chromosome Life Cycle
265(3)
The Life Spans of B Chromosomes
268(2)
Can B Chromosomes Become Beneficial?
270(1)
Can B Chromosomes Integrate into the Standard Genome?
271(2)
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
273(17)
PART III Duplications, Duplications...
Small-Scale Gene Duplications
John S. Taylor
Jeroen Raes
The Long Pedigree of Gene Duplication Research
290(8)
Early Chromosomal Studies
290(4)
Studies at the Protein Level: Evidence for Gene Duplication and Divergence from Isozymes
294(1)
The Advent of PCR and DNA Sequencing
294(2)
Gene Duplications in the Post-Genomic Era
296(2)
Mechanisms of Gene Duplication
298(3)
Aneuploidy
298(1)
Duplicative Transposition
298(2)
Local Tandem Duplication
300(1)
The Life and Death of Gene Duplicates in the Genome
301(5)
The Birth and Death of Gene Duplicates
301(1)
The Evolution of Gene Families
302(3)
The Contribution of Gene Duplication to Genome Structure
305(1)
What Happens to Duplicated Genes?
306(10)
Nonfunctionalization
306(1)
Those That Beat the Odds
306(2)
Sequence Divergence
308(2)
Changes in Expression Patterns
310(2)
Neofunctionalization
312(2)
Subfunctionalization
314(2)
Reversion
316(1)
Hox Gene Duplication and the Evolution of Animal Development
316(3)
The General Evolutionary Importance of Gene Duplications
319(1)
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
320(10)
Large-Scale Gene and Ancient Genome Duplications
Yves Van de Peer
Axel Meyer
Historical Perspectives on the Importance of Large-Scale Duplications
330(1)
Mechanisms of Large-Scale Duplication
331(3)
Autopolyploidy
331(1)
Allopolyploidy
332(1)
Aneuploidy
333(1)
Block Duplications
334(1)
Tandem Duplications
334(1)
How Large-Scale Gene Duplications Are Studied
334(10)
Identification of Block Duplications
334(1)
The Map-Based Approach
335(5)
Hidden Duplications, Ghost Duplications, and Multiplicons
340(3)
Genomic Profiles: An Extension to the Map-Based Approach
343(1)
Dating Duplication Events
344(3)
Absolute Dating Based on Synonymous Substitutions
345(1)
Protein-Based Distances
345(1)
Dating by Phylogenetic Means
346(1)
Putting Theory into Practice: Evidence for Large-Scale Gene Duplication Events
347(9)
1R/2R: Genome Duplications in Vertebrates
348(2)
3R: An Additional Round of Genome Duplication in Teleost Fishes
350(4)
Ancient Genome Duplications in Plants
354(2)
Large-Scale Duplications in the Evolutionary Process
356(7)
The Maintenance of Duplicated Genes
356(2)
Which Genes Are Maintained, and Why?
358(1)
The Maintenance of Duplicated Genomes
359(2)
Speciation and Divergent Resolution
361(2)
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
363(9)
PART IV ...And More Duplications
Polyploidy in Plants
Jennifer A. Tate
Douglas E. Soltis
Pamela S. Soltis
History of the Study of Polyploidy in Plants
372(1)
Types of Polyploids
373(6)
Frequency of Polyploids
379(5)
How Common Is Polyploidy in Plants?
379(4)
The Frequency of Allopolyploidy versus Autopolyploidy
383(1)
Polyploid Formation and Establishment
384(6)
Mechanisms and Chances of Formation
384(4)
Likelihood of Establishment
388(2)
Multiple Origins of Polyploid Species
390(6)
The Rule, Not the Exception
390(4)
Genotypic and Phenotypic Consequences of Multiple Origins
394(1)
A Case of Particular Interest: The Arctic Flora
395(1)
Impacts of Polyploidization at the Cellular and Organismal Levels
396(8)
Cell Size
397(1)
Reproductive Biology
398(2)
Physiology and Development
400(1)
Geographic Distribution
401(1)
Plant-Animal Interactions
402(2)
Impacts of Polyploidization at the Genome Level
404(10)
Genomic Rearrangements
405(2)
Genomic Downsizing and ``Diploidization''
407(1)
The Fates of Plant Genes Duplicated by Polyploidy
408(5)
Transposable Elements
413(1)
Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Interactions
413(1)
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
414(14)
Polyploidy in Animals
T. Ryan Gregory
Barbara K. Mable
The Origins and Classification of Polyploid Animals
428(1)
Autopolyploidy and Allopolyploidy
428(1)
Identifying Polyploids
429(4)
Chromosome Number and Nuclear DNA Content
429(1)
Cell and Nucleus Size
430(1)
Meiotic Chromosome Behavior
430(2)
Protein Electrophoresis
432(1)
Why Is Polyploidy Less Common in Animals than in Plants?
433(7)
Disruption of Sex Determination
434(2)
Degenerate Sex Chromosomes and Dosage Compensation
436(1)
Impediments to Meiotic Disjunction
437(1)
Interploidy Crosses and Triploid Sterility
438(1)
Disruption of Development
438(1)
Not Enough Hybridization . . . or Maybe Too Much?
439(1)
Nucleotypic Constraints
440(1)
Polyploidy and Unisexuality
440(4)
Definitions
441(1)
Why Are Polyploidy and Unisexuality Linked?
442(2)
Polyploidy in Vertebrates
444(1)
Jawless Fishes
444(1)
Cartilaginous Fishes
445(1)
Lungfishes
445(1)
Chondrosteans
446(1)
Teleosts
447(14)
An Entire Family of Polyploids: Salmonidae
448(3)
Another Entirely Polyploid Family: Catostomidae
451(1)
Several Species of Polyploids: Cyprinidae
452(4)
Special Cases: Poeciliidae
456(3)
Miscellaneous Polyploid Fishes
459(2)
Amphibians
461(11)
Diploid-Polyploid Species Pairs in Frogs
462(7)
Polyploidy in Salamanders: Ambystomatidae
469(2)
A Polyploid Family of Salamanders (?): Sirenidae
471(1)
Rare Triploidy in Newts
472(1)
Reptiles
472(3)
The Genus Cnemidophorus
473(2)
Other Polyploid Reptiles
475(1)
Mammals and Birds
475(2)
Vertebrate Polyploids: A Summary
477(1)
Polyploidy in Invertebrates
478(1)
Crustaceans
478(2)
Water Fleas (Order Cladocera)
479(1)
Brine Shrimp (Order Anostraca)
480(1)
Insects
480(6)
Molluscs
486(4)
Bivalves
487(1)
Gastropods
488(2)
Annelids
490(3)
Flatworms
493(1)
Miscellaneous Invertebrates
494(2)
Nematodes
494(1)
Rotifers
495(1)
Tardigrades
495(1)
Arachnids
496(1)
Polyploidy and Geographic Distribution in Invertebrates
496(4)
Unisexuality
497(1)
Genetic Factors
498(1)
Physiology, Development, and Ecology
499(1)
History
499(1)
The Evolutionary Fate of Polyploids
500(1)
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
501(21)
PART V Sequence and Structure
Comparative Genomics in Eukaryotes
Alan Filipski
Sudhir Kumar
The Early History of Comparative Eukaryotic Genomics
522(11)
The Basics of Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure
522(2)
Karyotyping: The Beginning of Comparative Genomics
524(7)
Genome Architecture
531(2)
Working with Eukaryotic Genomes
533(3)
Mapping: Genetic and Physical
534(1)
Sequencing: The Holy Grail of Comparative Genomics
534(1)
Annotation: Making Biological Sense of the Letters
535(1)
The Genesis of Large-Scale Sequencing Projects for Eukaryotes
536(5)
Sequencing the Human Genome: The Most Ambitious Idea
536(1)
Private versus Public Efforts
537(4)
Genome Sequencing in Fungi
541(3)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: The First Eukaryote to Be Sequenced
541(1)
Other Fungal Sequencing Projects
542(2)
Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster: The First Animal Genomes to Be Sequenced
544(2)
The Worm Project
544(2)
The Fruit Fly Project
546(1)
The Human Genome Project
546(9)
Genome Variation in Human Populations
552(2)
Pufferfish Synergy
554(1)
The Mouse and Rat Genomes: The Rise of Modern Mammalian Comparative Genomics
555(4)
Genome Sequencing in Plants and Their Pathogens
559(3)
Comparative Genomics of Arabidopsis
559(1)
The Rice Genome
560(2)
The Rice Blast Fungus: Magnaporthe grisea
562(1)
Other Invertebrate Animal Genomes
562(2)
The Mosquito Genome
562(1)
The Sea Squirt: A Primitive Chordate
563(1)
Genomewide Duplications in Vertebrates?
564(1)
Protist Genomes
564(2)
Encephalitozoon cuniculi: A Parasitic Eukaryote with a Tiny Genome
564(1)
Plasmodium: The Malaria Pathogen
565(1)
Dictyostelium: The ``Slime Mold''
566(1)
Comparative Genomics and Phylogenetics in Eukaryotes
566(3)
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
569(17)
Complete Genome Sequencing
569(3)
Partial-Genome Comparisons
572(1)
The Tree of Life
573(1)
The Charter of Genomics
574(12)
Comparative Genomics in Prokaryotes
T. Ryan Gregory
Rob DeSalle
What Is a Prokaryote?
586(4)
Classifying Prokaryotes the Old-Fashioned Way
586(3)
The Deepest Split of All?
589(1)
The Rise of Complete Prokaryotic Genome Sequencing
590(3)
From Viruses to Venter
590(2)
The Prokaryote Genome Sequencing Explosion
592(1)
General Insights about Prokaryote Genomes
593(13)
Genome Organization: Assumptions and Exceptions
594(2)
Structure of Prokaryotic Chromosomal DNA
596(1)
DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
597(1)
Gene Content
597(4)
Gene Order: Plasticity and Stability
601(2)
Base Pair Composition
603(3)
Repeat Content
606(1)
Horizontal Transfer of Genetic Material
606(10)
Identifying and Characterizing Horizontal Transfers
607(1)
Transfer from Viruses to Bacteria: Prophages in Bacterial Genomes
608(2)
Transfer among Bacteria
610(2)
Transfer across Domains
612(3)
Implications for Prokaryote Evolution and the Study Thereof
615(1)
Highlights from Specific Prokaryote Genome Sequencing Projects
616(15)
Haemophilus influenzae (1995)
617(1)
Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (1996)
618(1)
Escherichia coli (1997)
619(2)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1998)
621(1)
Drinococcus radiodurans (1999)
622(1)
Vibrio cholerae (2000)
623(1)
Streptococcus spp. (2001)
624(3)
Streptomyces coelicolor (2002)
627(1)
Bacillus anthracis (2003)
628(2)
Wolbachia pipiens (2004)
630(1)
The Evolution of Genome Size in Prokaryotes
631(10)
Factors that Limit Prokaryote Genome Size
634(2)
Mechanisms of Genome Size Increase
636(1)
Genome Reductions in Obligate Parasites and Endosymbionts
637(3)
Bacteria, Organelles, or Something in Between?
640(1)
The Minimal Genome Concept
641(4)
Breaking it Down
642(2)
Building it Up
644(1)
Genomic Insights into Prokaryotic Abundance and Diversity
645(6)
What Is a Prokaryotic Species?
645(1)
Genetic Delineation of Species
646(1)
Genomic Perspectives on Prokaryote Diversity
647(2)
Shotgun First, Ask Questions Later
649(2)
Applications of Prokaryote Genomics
651(5)
Medicine
651(3)
Industry and the Environment
654(1)
Agriculture and Food Production
655(1)
Evolutionary Biology
655(1)
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
656(24)
Which Prokaryotes Can (or Cannot) Be Sequenced?
657(1)
Policy Issues: From Sequence Completeness to Bioterrorism
658(2)
Prokaryote Genomics: The End of the Beginning
660(20)
PART VI The Genome in Evolution
Macroevolution and the Genome
T. Ryan Gregory
Part One---Macroevolutionary Theory and Genome Evolution
680(1)
A Brief History of Evolutionary Theory
680(4)
From Darwin to Neo-Darwinism
680(2)
Genomes, Fossils, and Theoretical Inertia
682(2)
Is a Theory of Macroevolution Necessary?
684(9)
Microevolution, Macroevolution, and Extrapolationism
684(2)
Critiques of Strict Extrapolationism
686(6)
Reductionism in the Post-Genomic Era
692(1)
The Structure of Macroevolutionary Theory
693(5)
Group Selection
694(1)
Species Selection: Concepts and Challenges
694(1)
Aggregate versus Emergent Characters
695(1)
Selection versus Sorting
696(1)
Bottom-up Processes: The Effect Hypothesis versus Emergent Fitness
696(1)
Top-down Processes: Context-dependent Sorting
697(1)
Macroevolutionary Theory: A Summary
698(1)
A Macroevolutionary Look at the Genome
698(10)
Did the Genome Originate by Group Selection?
698(2)
Genomic Parasites Require a Hierarchical Interpretation
700(4)
Genome Size, Emergent Fitness, and an Upside-down Acid Test
704(2)
Context-dependent Sorting of Genes and Nongenes
706(1)
Genomes in the Evolutionary Hierarchy
707(1)
Part Two---``Nonstandard'' Genomic Processes and Major Evolutionary Transitions
708(1)
The Origin of Genomes and Cells
709(1)
The Evolution of Sex
709(1)
The Origin of Eukaryotes
710(2)
Linear Chromosomes
710(1)
Increased Genetic Complexity
711(1)
The Origin of Multicellularity and the Emergence of Complex Metazoa
712(2)
Transposable Elements and Gene Regulation
712(1)
Spliceosomal Introns and Exon Shuffling
712(1)
Gene Duplication and Developmental Complexity
713(1)
The Evolution of Immunity
714(1)
The Origin of Vertebrates
715(1)
Gen(om)e Duplication
715(1)
Silencing and/or Splicing
716(1)
Human Uniqueness
716(4)
Diversity in Gene Expression
717(1)
The Role of Alu Elements
717(2)
Gene Duplication and Back Again
719(1)
Nonstandard Genomic Processes: A Summary
719(1)
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
720(11)
From Reductionism to Integrationism
720(1)
A Post-Genomic Evolutionary Synthesis
721(1)
Genomes and the Future of Biology
722(9)
Index 731
With the ability to map genomes, human, plant and animal comes the opportunity to explore changes in the genome. The Evolution of the Genome offers insight into some of this research. A collection of chapters contributed by established scientists in a variety of fields, this book goes beyond what has been done or even what is being done, but also posits some questions for future research. According to its editor, Gregory did not intend the book to be comprehensive nor just simply a review of research. Some historical background is included to place current research in context, which gives this book staying power. Gregory has arranged the chapters in a logical sequence, to facilitate a reading straight-through and while maintaining a loose association between them, each contribution is reasonably self-contained, to enable brief consultations. The detailed table of contents in addition to the index provides ample access to the content. The chapters contain extensive references to guide the reader to further research. There are adequate tables, graphs, plots and illustrative matter to enrich the text.This book is recommended for academic collections supporting research programs in genetics, bioscience, microbiology and the like. This book will appeal to graduate students, looking for grounding in this area and to scientists exploring related research.Reviewer: Peggy Dominy, Information Services, Science, Drexel University, Hagerty Library, dominymf@drexel.edu Copyright 2007 E-Streams Reviews.

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In Quest of the Universe
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