The Blair Handbook

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ISBN: 9780135721810 | 0135721814
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/1/1996

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"Why do students take writing classes? Why is writing important? If you are a good writer, you with succeed in school and in life." The Blair Handbook, Fifth Edition, offers the best coverage of the writing process and writing across the curriculum. Your handbook is one of the most important tools you have to improve your writing. This essential reference to be used for a lifetime also gives you and your instructors access to valuable resources, including a Web site and more! Go to www.prenhall.com/fulwiler to find tutoring, self-grading exercises, instructional videos, and much more!

Preface

I Writing in College

(40)

Questions and Answers about Writing

(9)

What is Difficult about writing?

(1)

What do you enjoy about writing?

(1)

What surprises are in store?

(1)

Why is writing important?

(1)

What can you learn from the experience of others?

(1)

What else do you want to know about writing?

(4)

Reading Critically to Write Well

(17)

Reading to understand ESL*

(4)

Reading critically ESL

(13)

The Writing Process

(13)

Describing writing as a process ESL

(2)

Planning

(1)

Drafting

(1)

Researching

(1)

Revising

(1)

Editing

(1)

Writing with computers

(3)

Writing in English as a second language

(3)

II Planning

(48)

Keeping a Journal

(12)

Understanding journals

(2)

Keeping college journals ESL

(5)

Ideas for college journals

(5)

Writing for a Reason

(10)

Writing to discover

(1)

Writing to communicate

(2)

Writing to create

(2)

Approaching assignments

(5)

Inventing and Discovering

(8)

Brainstorming

(1)

Freewriting ESL

(1)

Looping

(1)

Asking reporters' questions

(1)

Making outlines

(1)

Clustering

(1)

Talking with peers

(2)

Addressing Audiences

(8)

Understanding college audiences

(1)

Shaping writing for different audiences

(7)

Finding a Voice

(9)

Defining voice

(1)

Analyzing the elements of voice

(3)

Hearing the range of one voice

(5)

III Drafting

(88)

Recounting Experience

(16)

Delineating character (who?)

(1)

Finding a subject (what?)

(3)

Establishing perspective (how?)

(2)

Describing the setting (where?)

(1)

Narrating a sequence of events (when?)

(1)

Developing a theme (why?)

(2)

Shaping the whole paper (student essay)

101

(5)

Explaining Things

106

(16)

Writing to explain

106

(1)

Focusing on a topic

107

(1)

Developing a thesis

108

(1)

Using strategies to explain ESL

109

(8)

Organizing with logic

117

(1)

Maintaining a neutral perspective

117

(1)

Shaping the whole paper (student essay)

118

(4)

Arguing Positions

122

(27)

Understanding the elements of argument

122

(3)

Finding an issue

125

(2)

Analyzing an issue

127

(2)

Taking a position ESL

129

(1)

Developing an argument ESL

130

(7)

Organizing a position paper ESL

137

(5)

Shaping the whole paper (student essay)

142

(7)

Interpreting Texts

149

(15)

Writing interpretive essays

149

(1)

Exploring a text

150

(1)

Joining an interpretive community

151

(3)

Developing an interpretation

154

(4)

Interpreting different genres

158

(2)

Shaping the whole paper (student essay)

160

(4)

Reflecting on the World

164

(13)

Writing to reflect

164

(1)

Finding and describing a subject ESL

165

(5)

Pausing to speculate

170

(1)

Making a point

171

(3)

Shaping the whole paper (student essay)

174

(3)

IV Researching

177

(132)

Writing Research Essays

178

(19)

Understanding research

179

(3)

Managing the research process ESL

182

(6)

Formulating a working thesis

188

(1)

Keeping a research log

189

(2)

Using the writing process

191

(6)

Conducting Library Research

197

(28)

Planning library research

197

(3)

Finding sources of information

200

(12)

Using electronic sources

212

(6)

Reading library sources critically

218

(2)

Taking notes

220

(5)

Conducting Field Research

225

(8)

Planning field research

225

(1)

Interviewing ESL

226

(4)

Observing

230

(3)

Using Sources

233

(16)

Controlling your sources

233

(1)

Organizing your sources

234

(1)

Synthesizing information from sources

234

(1)

Integrating information from sources ESL

235

(10)

Understanding and avoiding plagiarism

245

(4)

Documenting Sources: MLA Style

249

(30)

Conventions for in-text citations

252

(4)

Conventions for endnotes and footnotes

256

(1)

Conventions for list of Works Cited

256

(23)

A Sampler of Research Essays

279

(30)

Literary research essay: MLA style

279

(8)

Personal Research essay: MLA Style

287

(8)

Informational research paper: APA style

295

(14)

V Revising

309

(34)

The Revising Process

310

(10)

Understanding revising ESL

310

(1)

Planning to revise

311

(1)

Asking revision questions

312

(2)

Revising strategies

314

(6)

Focused Revising

320

(14)

Limiting

321

(2)

Adding

323

(2)

Switching

325

(3)

Transforming

328

(4)

Experimenting with revising versus academic convention

332

(2)

Responding to Writing

334

(9)

Asking for help

334

(1)

Giving constructive responses

335

(1)

Responding in writing ESL

336

(2)

Responding through conferences

338

(1)

Responding in writing groups ESL

339

(4)

VI Editing

343

(16)

The Editing Process

344

(15)

Editing Moves

345

(7)

Understanding the meaning of ``error''

352

(1)

Working with others

352

(1)

Editing with a computer

353

(2)

Editing when English is your second language ESL

355

(2)

Using Part VI of The Blair Handbook ESL

357

(2)

Editing for Effectiveness

359

(142)

Shaping Strong Paragraphs

360

(14)

Ensuring that paragraphs are unified

360

(2)

Organizing paragraphs

362

(4)

Making paragraphs coherent ESL

366

(8)

Improving Openings and Conclusions

374

(16)

Making openings engaging

374

(4)

Strengthening openings ESL

378

(4)

Making conclusions satisfying

382

(3)

Strengthening conclusions ESL

385

(5)

Strengthening Sentence Structure

390

(21)

Using coordination ESL

391

(4)

Using subordination ESL

395

(4)

Creating effective coordination and subordination ESL

399

(4)

Eliminating choppy sentences

403

(1)

Creating special effects

403

(1)

Using parallelism ESL

404

(3)

Creating effective parallelism

407

(4)

Creating Emphasis and Variety

411

(16)

Using the emphatic first and final positions

412

(2)

Editing sentence length

414

(3)

Varying sentence types ESL

417

(5)

Varying sentence openings

422

(1)

Using deliberate repetition

423

(1)

Creating elliptical constructions

424

(3)

Building Vital Sentences

427

(17)

Using concrete, specific nouns and modifiers ESL

428

(4)

Choosing strong verbs

432

(6)

Selecting active or passive voice ESL

438

(3)

Untangling noun clusters

441

(3)

Being Concise and Direct

444

(13)

Eliminating vague generalities

445

(1)

Removing idle words

446

(3)

Simplifying grammatical constructions

449

(1)

Eliminating redundancy ESL

449

(4)

Avoiding pretentious language

453

(1)

Minimizing euphemism ESL

454

(3)

Adjusting Tone

457

(9)

Making tone appropriate ESL

458

(2)

Selecting a point of view

460

(1)

Achieving the right level of formality

461

(3)

Maintaining consistent tone

464

(2)

Choosing the Right Word

466

(24)

Understanding the history of English

466

(2)

Using the dictionary and thesaurus

468

(4)

Expanding your vocabulary

472

(5)

Considering connotations

477

(1)

Distinguishing among frequently confused words ESL

478

(1)

Using prepositions and particles idiomatically ESL

478

(5)

Using slang and regionalisms

483

(1)

Using jargon carefully

484

(2)

Using figurative language

486

(2)

Eliminating cliches

488

(2)

Eliminating Biased Language

490

(11)

Eliminating stereotypes

490

(2)

Using labels carefully ESL

492

(3)

Using nonsexist language

495

(6)

Editing Grammar

501

(126)

Eliminating Sentence Fragments

502

(9)

Editing fragments lacking subjects or verbs ESL

502

(5)

Editing dependent clause fragments

507

(1)

Using sentence fragments for special effects

508

(3)

Correcting Fused Sentences and Comma Splices

511

(11)

Using a comma and a coordinating conjunction

513

(1)

Adding a semicolon

514

(4)

Adding a colon

518

(1)

Writing separate sentences

519

(1)

Subordinating one clause to the other

519

(1)

Creating one independent clause

520

(2)

Selecting Correct Verbs

522

(27)

Verb Forms

522

(11)

Understanding the five verb forms

522

(3)

Using standard verb forms ESL

525

(8)

Using auxiliary verbs ESL

533

(3)

Verb Tense

536

(9)

Understanding verb tense

536

(2)

Using verb tenses in appropriate sequence ESL

538

(7)

Verb Mood

545

(4)

Understanding verb mood

545

(1)

Using the subjunctive mood

546

(3)

Making Subjects and Verbs Agree

549

(16)

Ignoring words between subject and verb

550

(1)

Finding the subject when it follows the verb

551

(1)

Creating agreement with linking verbs

552

(1)

Making verbs agree with subjects joined by and

553

(1)

Making verbs agree with subjects joined by or and nor

554

(1)

Making verbs agree with collective nouns ESL

555

(1)

Making verbs agree with collective nouns ESL

555

(1)

Making verbs agree with indefinite pronouns ESL

556

(4)

Making verbs agree with who, which, and that

560

(1)

Making verbs agree with subjects that refer to amounts

561

(1)

Using nouns phrases and noun clauses

561

(1)

Using singular verbs with titles and with words used as words

561

(1)

Recognizing singular subjects that end in -s

562

(1)

Recognizing troublesome plurals ESL

562

(3)

Using Adjectives and Adverbs

565

(11)

Choosing adjectives or adverbs

565

(2)

Using adjectives after linking verbs

567

(1)

Choosing between commonly confused modifiers

568

(2)

Avoiding double negatives ESL

570

(1)

Using comparatives and superlatives ESL

571

(5)

Positioning Modifiers Correctly

576

(9)

Placing modifiers correctly

577

(1)

Clarifying squinting modifiers

578

(1)

Eliminating dangling modifiers

579

(1)

Moving disruptive modifiers ESL

580

(5)

Clarifying Pronoun Reference

585

(10)

Establishing a single antecedent

586

(1)

Placing pronouns close to antecedents

586

(1)

Providing explicit antecedents ESL

587

(3)

Replacing a vague it, they, or you

590

(1)

Avoiding overuse of it

590

(1)

Choosing who, which, or that

591

(2)

Eliminating unneeded pronouns

593

(2)

Making Pronouns and Antecedents Agree

595

(7)

Making pronouns agree with antecedents joined by and

596

(1)

Making pronouns agree with antecedents joined by or and nor

597

(1)

Making pronouns agree with collective nouns

598

(1)

Making pronouns agree with indefinite pronouns

599

(3)

Choosing Pronoun Case

602

(13)

Choosing case after elements joined by and, or, and nor

603

(3)

Choosing case for appositive pronouns

606

(1)

Choosing between us and we before a noun

607

(1)

Choosing case with verbals

608

(1)

Choosing case after than or as

609

(1)

Choosing who or whom

610

(3)

Using reflexive pronouns

613

(2)

Making Sentences Consistent and Complete

615

(12)

Avoiding unnecessary shifts ESL

615

(6)

Eliminating mixed constructions

621

(3)

Inserting missing words

624

(3)

Editing Punctuation

627

(76)

End Punctuation

628

(6)

Using periods

628

(1)

Using question marks

629

(2)

Using exclamation points

631

(3)

Commas

634

(25)

Using commas before coordinating conjunctions joining independent clauses

635

(3)

Using commas after introductory elements

638

(1)

Using commas to set off nonrestrictive modifiers and appositives

639

(5)

Using commas between items in a series and between coordinate adjectives

644

(1)

Using commas to set off parenthetical expressions and elements of contrast ESL

645

(2)

Using commas to set off interjections, tag sentences, and direct address

647

(1)

Using commas with quotations

648

(2)

Using commas with numbers, dates, names, and addresses

650

(2)

Using commas to prevent misreading

652

(1)

Editing misused commas ESL

652

(7)

Semicolons

659

(7)

Using semicolons between independent clauses

659

(2)

Using semicolons in a series containing commas

661

(1)

Using semicolons sparingly

662

(1)

Editing misused semicolons

663

(3)

Colons

666

(5)

Using colons as marks of introduction

666

(1)

Using colons as marks of separation

667

(1)

Editing misused colons

668

(3)

Apostrophes

671

(9)

Using apostrophes to form the possessive case of nouns and indefinite pronouns

671

(3)

Using apostrophes to form plurals of words used as words, letters, numbers, and symbols

674

(1)

Using apostrophes to form contractions

675

(1)

Editing misused apostrophes

676

(4)

Quotation Marks

680

(11)

Using quotation marks for direct quotations

681

(3)

Using quotation marks for dialogue

684

(1)

Using quotation marks for certain titles

684

(2)

Using quotation marks for translations, specialized terms, ironic usages, and nicknames

686

(1)

Using other punctuation with quotation marks

687

(2)

Editing misused quotation marks

689

(2)

Other Punctuation

691

(12)

Using parentheses ESL

691

(3)

Using dashes

694

(3)

Using ellipsis points

697

(2)

Using brackets

699

(2)

Using slashes

701

(2)

Editing Mechanics

703

(50)

Spelling

704

(16)

Checking for commonly confused words

704

(8)

Using basic spelling rules

712

(8)

Capitalization

720

(8)

Capitalizing the first word of a sentence

720

(1)

Capitalizing quotations and lines of poetry

721

(1)

Capitalizing proper nouns and their derivatives

722

(3)

Capitalizing titles

725

(3)

Hyphenation

728

(6)

Hyphenating words at the ends of lines

728

(1)

Hyphenating after some prefixes

729

(1)

Hyphenating compound words

730

(1)

Hyphenating numbers, fractions, and units of measure

731

(3)

Italics

734

(5)

Italicizing titles

734

(2)

Italicizing for emphasis and clarity

736

(1)

Italicizing words, numerals, and letters used as words

736

(1)

Italicizing words from other languages

736

(1)

Italicizing the names of individual trains, ships, airplanes, and spacecraft

737

(2)

Numbers

739

(5)

Choosing between figures and words according to context

739

(1)

Using figures when required by convention ESL

740

(4)

Abbreviations

744

(9)

Abbreviating titles and degrees

744

(1)

Abbreviating time, dates, amounts

745

(1)

Abbreviating geographic names

746

(2)

Abbreviating common Latin terms

748

(1)

Using initials and acronyms ESL

748

(5)

VII Presenting Your Work

753

(28)

Designing Documents

754

(12)

Designing your pages

754

(5)

Creating title pages and page numbers

759

(1)

Proofreading ESL

760

(4)

Choosing a printing method and paper

764

(2)

Creating Writing Portfolios

766

(7)

Preparing a course portfolio

766

(3)

Preparing a story portfolio

769

(4)

Making Oral Presentations

773

(8)

Interpreting the assignment

773

(1)

Preparing a speaking text ESL

774

(3)

Speaking in public

777

(1)

Selecting creative options

778

(3)

VIII Writing Across the Curriculum

781

(60)

Writing across the Curriculum

782

(3)

Understanding differences among the disciplines

782

(1)

Understanding similarities among the disciplines

783

(2)

Writing Essay Examinations

785

(6)

Understanding the question

785

(2)

Writing a good answer

787

(4)

Writing in Languages and Literature

791

(5)

The aims of writing in languages and literature

791

(2)

The style of writing in languages and literature

793

(1)

Common forms of writing in languages and literature

793

(3)

Writing in the Humanities

796

(12)

The aims of writing in the humanities

796

(1)

The style of writing in the humanities

797

(1)

Common forms of writing in the humanities

797

(1)

Documentation and format conventions: Chicago (CMS) style

798

(8)

Sample page with endnotes

806

(1)

Sample page with footnotes

807

(1)

Writing the Social Sciences

808

(17)

The aims of writing in the social sciences

808

(1)

The style of writing in the social sciences

809

(1)

Common forms of writing in the social sciences

809

(2)

Documentation and format conventions: APA guidelines

811

(14)

Writing in the Physical Sciences

825

(7)

The aims of writing in the sciences

825

(1)

The style of writing in the sciences

826

(1)

Common forms of writing in the sciences

827

(1)

Documentation and format conventions: number systems

828

(4)

Writing in Business

832

(9)

The aims of writing in business

832

(1)

The styles of writing in business

832

(1)

Common forms of writing in business

833

(6)

Documentation and format conventions

839

(2)

IX A Grammar Reference

841

(28)

Parts of Speech

842

(15)

Nouns

842

(1)

Pronouns

843

(5)

Verbs

848

(4)

Adjectives and adverbs

852

(2)

Prepositions

854

(1)

Conjunctions

855

(1)

Interjections

856

(1)

The Elements of a Sentence

857

(8)

Subjects

857

(1)

Predicates

858

(1)

Objects of verbs

859

(1)

Complements

860

(1)

Phrases

860

(3)

Clauses

863

(2)

Sentence Classification and Sentence Patterns

865

(4)

Classifying sentences by function

865

(1)

Classifying sentences by grammatical structure

866

(1)

Understanding sentence patterns

867

(2)

Glossary of usage

869

(15)

Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms

884

(17)

ESL Index

901

(3)

Index

904

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The Blair Handbook

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials