A Book on C Programming in C

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ISBN: 9780201183993 | 0201183994
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/29/1997

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Written by best-selling authors Al Kelley and Ira Pohl, A Book on C is a comprehensive tutorial and reference to C based on the ANSI C standard.

The C language is demonstrated with numerous examples and extensive exercises that guide readers through each concept. Step-by-step "dissections" of program code reveal the underlying logic of the programs and include in-depth implementation details. Features in this edition include: a chapter on moving from C to Java; more programming examples; new and improved dissections; more thorough coverage of multifile programming, pointers, and recursion; and an expanded appendix of standard library functions. In addition, there is more emphasis on Abstract Data Types, which provides the reader with a foundation for working with objects and facilitates programming in the problem domain.

Preface

xvii

Chapter 0 Starting from Zero

(4)

0.1 Why C?

(1)

0.2 ANSI C Standard

(1)

0.3 From C to C++

(1)

0.4 From C and C++ to Java

(1)

Chapter 1 An Overview of C

(64)

1.1 Programming and Preparation

(1)

1.2 Program Output

(4)

1.3 Variables, Expressions, and Assignment

(3)

1.4 The Use of #define and #include

(5)

1.5 The Use of printf() and scanf()

(3)

1.6 Flow of Control

(8)

1.7 Functions

(7)

Call-by-Value

(1)

1.8 Arrays, Strings, and Pointers

(11)

Arrays

(2)

Strings

(3)

Pointers

(5)

1.9 Files

(6)

1.10 Operating System Considerations

(5)

Writing and Running a C Program

(3)

Interrupting a Program

(1)

Typing an End-of-file Signal

(1)

Redirection of the Input and the Output

(2)

Summary

(2)

Exercises

(9)

Chapter 2 Lexical Elements, Operators, and the C System

(38)

2.1 Characters and Lexical Elements

(3)

2.2 Syntax Rules

(2)

2.3 Comments

(2)

2.4 Keywords

(1)

2.5 Identifiers

(1)

2.6 Constants

(1)

2.7 String Constants

(1)

2.8 Operators and Punctuators

(2)

2.9 Precedence and Associativity of Operators

(2)

2.10 Increment and Decrement Operators

(2)

2.11 Assignment Operators

(2)

2.12 An Example: Computing Powers of 2

(2)

2.13 The C System

(5)

The Preprocessor

(1)

The Standard Library

(4)

Summary

(2)

Exercises

(9)

Chapter 3 The Fundamental Data Types

107

(40)

3.1 Declarations, Expressions, and Assignment

107

(3)

3.2 The Fundamental Data Types

110

(1)

3.3 Characters and the Data Type char

111

(5)

3.4 The Data Type int

116

(1)

3.5 The Integral Types short, long, and unsigned

117

(2)

3.6 The Floating Types

119

(3)

3.7 The Use of typedef

122

(1)

3.8 The sizeof Operator

122

(2)

3.9 The Use of getchar() and putchar()

124

(3)

3.10 Mathematical Functions

127

(4)

The Use of abs() and fabs()

130

(1)

UNIX and the Mathematics Library

130

(1)

3.11 Conversions and Casts

131

(3)

The Integral Promotions

131

(1)

The Usual Arithmetic Conversions

131

(2)

Casts

133

(1)

3.12 Hexadecimal and Octal Constants

134

(3)

C.13 Summary

137

(1)

Exercises

138

(9)

Chapter 4 Flow of Control

147

(50)

4.1 Relational, Equality, and Logical Operators

147

(2)

4.2 Relational Operators and Expressions

149

(3)

4.3 Equality Operators and Expressions

152

(2)

4.4 Logical Operators and Expressions

154

(3)

Short-circuit Evaluation

157

(1)

4.5 The Compound Statement

157

(1)

4.6 The Expression and Empty Statement

158

(1)

4.7 The if and the if-else Statements

159

(4)

4.8 The while Statement

163

(4)

4.9 The for Statement

167

(2)

4.10 An Example: Boolean Variables

169

(2)

4.11 The Comma Operator

171

(1)

4.12 The do Statement

172

(2)

4.13 An Example: Fibonacci Numbers

174

(4)

4.14 The goto Statement

178

(1)

4.15 The break and continue Statements

179

(2)

4.16 The switch Statement

181

(1)

4.17 The Conditional Operator

182

(2)

Summary

184

(1)

Exercises

185

(12)

Chapter 5 Functions

197

(48)

5.1 Function Definition

197

(3)

5.2 The return Statement

200

(1)

5.3 Function Prototypes

201

(2)

Function Prototypes in C++

202

(1)

5.4 An Example: Creating a Table of Powers

203

(1)

5.5 Function Declarations from the Compiler's Viewpoint

204

(2)

Limitations

205

(1)

5.6 An Alternate Style for Function Definition Order

206

(1)

5.7 Function Invocation and Call-by-Value

207

(2)

5.8 Developing a Large Program

209

(3)

What Constitutes a Large Program?

212

(1)

5.9 Using Assertions

212

(1)

5.10 Scope Rules

213

(3)

Parallel and Nested Blocks

215

(1)

Using a Block for Debugging

216

(1)

5.11 Storage Classes

216

(5)

The Storage Class auto

216

(1)

The Storage Class extern

217

(2)

The Storage Class register

219

(1)

The Storage Class static

220

(1)

5.12 Static External Variables

221

(2)

5.13 Default Initialization

223

(1)

5.14 Recursion

223

(5)

Efficiency Considerations

227

(1)

5.15 An Example: The Towers of Hanoi

228

(5)

Summary

233

(2)

Exercises

235

(10)

Chapter 6 Arrays, Pointers, and Strings

245

(86)

6.1 One-dimensional Arrays

245

(3)

Initialization

246

(1)

Subscripting

247

(1)

6.2 Pointers

248

(4)

6.3 Call-by-Reference

252

(1)

6.4 The Relationship Between Arrays and Pointers

253

(2)

6.5 Pointers Arithmetic and Element Size

255

(1)

6.6 Arrays as Function Arguments

256

(1)

6.7 An Example: Bubble Sort

257

(2)

6.8 Dynamic Memory Allocation With calloc() and malloc()

259

(4)

Offsetting the Pointer

262

(1)

6.9 An Example: Merge and Merge Sort

263

(7)

6.10 Strings

270

(2)

6.11 String-Handling Functions in the Standard Library

272

(5)

6.12 Multidimensional Arrays

277

(7)

Two-dimensional Arrays

278

(1)

The Storage Mapping Function

279

(1)

Formal Parameter Declarations

279

(1)

Three-dimensional Arrays

280

(1)

Initialization

281

(1)

The Use of typedef

282

(2)

6.13 Arrays of Pointers

284

(6)

6.14 Arguments to main()

290

(2)

6.15 Ragged Arrays

292

(1)

6.16 Functions as Arguments

293

(3)

Functions as Formal Parameters in Function Prototypes

296

(1)

6.17 An Example: Using Bisection to Find the Root of a Function

296

(6)

The Kepler Equation

300

(2)

6.18 Arrays of Pointers to Function

302

(5)

6.19 The Type Qualifiers const and volatile

307

(2)

Summary

309

(2)

Exercises

311

(20)

Chapter 7 Bitwise Operators and Enumeration Types

331

(34)

7.1 Bitwise Operators and Expressions

331

(6)

Bitwise Complement

333

(1)

Two's Complement

333

(1)

Bitwise Binary Logical Operators

334

(1)

Left and Right Shift Operators

335

(2)

7.2 Masks

337

(1)

7.3 Software Tools: Printing an int Bitwise

338

(3)

7.4 Packing and Unpacking

341

(4)

Multibyte Character Constants

344

(1)

7.5 Enumeration Types

345

(3)

7.6 An Example: The Game of Paper, Rock, Scissors

348

(8)

Summary

356

(1)

Exercises

357

(8)

Chapter 8 The Preprocessor

365

(42)

8.1 The Use of #include

365

(1)

8.2 The Use of #define

366

(2)

Syntactic Sugar

367

(1)

8.3 Macros with Arguments

368

(3)

8.4 The Type Definitions and Macros in stddef.h

371

(1)

8.5 An Example: Sorting with qsort()

372

(5)

8.6 An Example: Macros with Arguments

377

(5)

8.7 The Macros in stdio.h and ctype.h

382

(2)

8.8 Conditional Compilation

384

(3)

8.9 The Predefined Macros

387

(1)

8.10 The Operators # and ##

387

(1)

8.11 The assert() Macro

388

(1)

8.12 The Use of #error and #pragma

389

(1)

8.13 Line Numbers

390

(1)

8.14 Corresponding Functions

390

(1)

8.15 An Example: Quicksort

391

(3)

Summary

394

(2)

Exercises

396

(11)

Chapter 9 Structures and Unions

407

(40)

9.1 Structures

407

(4)

9.2 Accessing Members of a Structure

411

(4)

9.3 Operator Precedence and Associativity: A Final Look

415

(1)

9.4 Using Structures with Functions

416

(2)

9.5 Initialization of Structures

418

(1)

9.6 An Example: Playing Poker

419

(5)

9.7 Unions

424

(3)

9.8 Bit Fields

427

(2)

9.9 An Example: Accessing Bits and Bytes

429

(1)

9.10 The ADT Stack

430

(5)

Summary

435

(2)

Exercises

437

(10)

Chapter 10 Structures and List Processing

447

(46)

10.1 Self-referential Structures

447

(2)

10.2 Linear Linked Lists

449

(2)

Storage Allocation

450

(1)

10.3 List Operations

451

(4)

10.4 Some List Processing Functions

455

(5)

Insertion

458

(1)

Deletion

459

(1)

10.5 Stacks

460

(4)

10.6 An Example: Polish Notation and Stack Evaluation

464

(7)

10.7 Queues

471

(4)

10.8 Binary Trees

475

(4)

Binary Tree Traversal

477

(1)

Creating Trees

478

(1)

10.9 General Linked Lists

479

(5)

Traversal

482

(1)

The Use of calloc() and Building Trees

482

(2)

Summary

484

(1)

Exercises

485

(8)

Chapter 11 Input/Output and the Operating System

493

(62)

11.1 The Output Function printf()

493

(6)

11.2 The Input Function scanf()

499

(4)

11.3 The Functions fprintf(), fscanf(), sprintf(), and sscanf()

503

(2)

11.4 The Functions fopen() and fclose()

505

(2)

11.5 An Example: Double Spacing a File

507

(3)

11.6 Using Temporary Files and Graceful Functions

510

(3)

11.7 Accessing a File Randomly

513

(1)

11.8 File Descriptor Input/Output

514

(3)

11.9 File Access Permissions

517

(1)

11.10 Executing Commands from Within a C Program

518

(2)

11.11 Using Pipes from Within a C Program

520

(1)

11.12 Environment Variables

521

(1)

11.13 The C Compiler

522

(2)

11.14 Using the Profiler

524

(2)

11.15 Libraries

526

(2)

11.16 How to Time C Code

528

(4)

11.17 The Use of make

532

(6)

11.18 The Use of touch

538

(1)

11.19 Other Useful Tools

539

(2)

Summary

541

(1)

Exercises

542

(13)

Chapter 12 Advanced Applications

555

(38)

12.1 Creating a Concurrent Process with fork()

555

(3)

12.2 Overlaying a Process: the exec... () Family

558

(3)

Using the spawn... () Family

560

(1)

12.3 Interprocess Communication Using pipe()

561

(3)

12.4 Signals

564

(3)

12.5 An Example: The Dining Philosophers

567

(4)

12.6 Dynamic Allocation of Matrices

571

(8)

Why Arrays of Arrays Are Inadequate

571

(1)

Building Matrices with Arrays of Pointers

572

(3)

Adjusting the Subscript Range

575

(2)

Allocating All the Memory at Once

577

(2)

12.7 Returning the Status

579

(6)

Summary

585

(1)

Exercises

586

(7)

Chapter 13 Moving from C to C++

593

(32)

13.1 Output

594

(1)

13.2 Input

595

(4)

13.3 Functions

599

(2)

13.4 Classes and Abstract Data Types

601

(2)

13.5 Overloading

603

(3)

13.6 Constructors and Destructors

606

(2)

13.7 Object-oriented Programming and Inheritance

608

(2)

13.8 Polymorphism

610

(2)

13.9 Templates

612

(2)

13.10 C++ Exceptions

614

(1)

13.11 Benefits of Object-oriented Programming

615

(2)

Summary

617

(2)

Exercises

619

(6)

Chapter 14 Moving from C to Java

625

(16)

14.1 Output

626

(1)

14.2 Variables and Types

627

(2)

14.3 Classes and Abstract Data Types

629

(2)

14.4 Overloading

631

(1)

14.5 Construction and Destruction of Class Types

631

(1)

14.6 Object-oriented Programming and Inheritance

632

(1)

14.7 Polymorphism and Overriding Methods

633

(2)

14.8 Applets

635

(1)

14.9 Java Exceptions

636

(2)

14.10 Benefits of Java and OOP

638

(1)

Summary

639

(1)

Exercises

640

(1)

Appendix A The Standard Library

641

(44)

A.1 Diagnostics: [assert.h]

641

(1)

A.2 Character Handling: [ctype.h]

642

(1)

Testing a Character

642

(1)

Mapping a Character

643

(1)

A.3 Errors: [errno.h]

643

(1)

A.4 Floating Limits: [float.h]

644

(1)

A.5 Integral Limits: [limits.h]

645

(1)

A.6 Localization: [locale.h]

645

(1)

A.7 Mathematics: [math.h]

646

(3)

A.8 Nonlocal Jumps: [setjmp.h]

649

(1)

A.9 Signal Handling: [signal.h]

650

(1)

A.10 Variable Arguments: [stdarg.h]

651

(1)

A.11 Common Definitions: [stddef.h]

652

(1)

A.12 Input/Output: [stdio.h]

653

(10)

Opening, Closing, and Conditioning a File

655

(1)

Accessing the File Position Indicator

656

(2)

Error Handling

658

(1)

Character Input/Output

658

(2)

Formatted Input/Output

660

(2)

Direct Input/Output

662

(1)

Removing or Renaming a File

662

(1)

A.13 General Utilities: [stdlib.h]

663

(7)

Dynamic Allocation of Memory

663

(1)

Searching and Sorting

664

(1)

Pseudo Random-Number Generator

665

(1)

Communicating with the Environment

665

(1)

Integer Arithmetic

666

(1)

String Conversion

666

(2)

Multibyte Character Functions

668

(1)

Multibyte String Functions

669

(1)

Leaving the Program

670

(1)

A.14 Memory and String Handling: [string.h]

670

(5)

Memory-Handling Functions

671

(1)

String-Handling Functions

671

(4)

A.15 Date and Time: [time.h]

675

(5)

Accessing the Clock

676

(1)

Accessing the Time

676

(4)

A.16 Miscellaneous

680

(5)

File Access

680

(1)

Using File Descriptors

681

(1)

Creating a Concurrent Process

681

(1)

Overlaying a Process

682

(1)

Interprocess Communication

683

(1)

Suspending Program Execution

683

(2)

Appendix B Language Syntax

685

(8)

B.1 Program

685

(1)

B.2 Function Definition

686

(1)

B.3 Declaration

686

(2)

B.4 Statement

688

(1)

B.5 Expression

689

(1)

B.6 Constant

690

(1)

B.7 String Literal

691

(1)

B.8 Preprocessor

692

(1)

Appendix C ANSI C Compared to Traditional C

693

(10)

C.1 Types

693

(1)

C.2 Constants

694

(1)

C.3 Declarations

695

(1)

C.4 Initializations

695

(1)

C.5 Expressions

696

(1)

C.6 Functions

696

(2)

C.7 Conversions

698

(1)

C.8 Array Pointers

698

(1)

C.9 Structures and Unions

699

(1)

C.10 Preprocessor

700

(1)

C.11 Header Files

701

(1)

C.12 Miscellaneous

701

(2)

Appendix D ASCII Character Codes

703

(2)

Appendix E Operator Precedence and Associativity

705

(2)

Index

707

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A Book on C Programming in C

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials