|
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
2. The role of agricultural price policy in developing countries and the choice of the analytical approach |
|
|
5 | (14) |
|
2.1. Instruments of agricultural price policy and relation with non-price factors |
|
|
6 | (3) |
|
2.2. Interest conflicts in agricultural price policy |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
2.3. Supply response to agricultural price policy and the microeconomic approach as second-best |
|
|
10 | (7) |
|
2.4. Summary and conclusions |
|
|
17 | (2) |
|
|
|
19 | (24) |
|
3.1. Farm household classification, sample selection and data collection |
|
|
20 | (3) |
|
|
|
23 | (10) |
|
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
3.2.2. Gross margin analysis |
|
|
25 | (6) |
|
3.2.3. Economic analysis of farm households and of agricultural production |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
3.3. Linear programming models |
|
|
33 | (7) |
|
3.3.1. Basic model assumption |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
3.3.3. Profitability of innovations |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
3.3.5. Aggregation from farm to regional level - the regional labour markets |
|
|
38 | (2) |
|
3.4. Summary and conclusions |
|
|
40 | (3) |
|
4. The political and institutional environment for agriculture in the Borgou, North Benin |
|
|
43 | (8) |
|
4.1. The national context with emphasis on the cotton sector |
|
|
43 | (3) |
|
4.2. The natural, sociocultural and institutional environment in the Borgou |
|
|
46 | (4) |
|
4.3. Summary and conclusions |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
5. Prices of agricultural commodities and production factors |
|
|
51 | (16) |
|
5.1. Cotton and input prices |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
|
|
53 | (7) |
|
5.2.1. Long-term trends in the 1980s |
|
|
53 | (3) |
|
5.2.2. Seasonal variability |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
5.2.3. Non-seasonal variability |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
5.2.4. Further aspects of food price variability |
|
|
58 | (2) |
|
5.3. Prices of local production factors |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
5.4. Long-term development of terms of trade for agriculture |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
5.5. Prices after the devaluation of the FCFA |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
5.6. Summary and conclusions |
|
|
64 | (3) |
|
6. The physical organisation of agriculture |
|
|
67 | (14) |
|
6.1. The cropping systems |
|
|
68 | (4) |
|
6.2. The interaction of agriculture and livestock |
|
|
72 | (2) |
|
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
6.4. Quantification of yield-influencing factors |
|
|
76 | (2) |
|
6.5. Summary and conclusions |
|
|
78 | (3) |
|
7. Cost-benefit analysis of crop production |
|
|
81 | (12) |
|
7.1. Gross margins using average yields and prices |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
7.2. The development of gross margins over time |
|
|
83 | (3) |
|
7.3. The variability of gross margins and the risk in production planning |
|
|
86 | (5) |
|
7.4. Summary and conclusions |
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
8. Farm households and their resources |
|
|
93 | (52) |
|
8.1. Household structures and characteristics of household members |
|
|
94 | (6) |
|
8.1.1. Household sub-structures and household dynamics |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
8.1.2. Determinants of household structures |
|
|
96 | (3) |
|
8.1.3. Characteristics of household members |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
|
|
100 | (14) |
|
8.2.1. Total labour input |
|
|
101 | (2) |
|
8.2.2. Labour specialisation by ethnic group, gender and age |
|
|
103 | (6) |
|
8.2.3. Agricultural labour potential |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
8.2.4. Animal traction time allocation |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
|
|
114 | (13) |
|
|
|
115 | (4) |
|
8.3.2. The development of animal traction equipment and the determinants of mechanisation |
|
|
119 | (4) |
|
|
|
123 | (4) |
|
|
|
127 | (14) |
|
8.4.1. Average farm sizes |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
8.4.2. Determinants of total farm area |
|
|
128 | (3) |
|
8.4.3. Learning effects in the farm area effect of animal traction |
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
8.4.4. The relation between cotton and food crop area |
|
|
133 | (4) |
|
8.4.5. Differentiation of cotton and food crop area by farm household type |
|
|
137 | (4) |
|
8.5. Summary and conclusions |
|
|
141 | (4) |
|
9. Economic analysis of farm household systems |
|
|
145 | (34) |
|
9.1. Total farm household incomes and their determinants |
|
|
145 | (3) |
|
9.2. Agricultural production |
|
|
148 | (13) |
|
9.2.1. The value of agricultural production and income and their determinants |
|
|
149 | (4) |
|
9.2.2. The returns to production factors by farm household system |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
9.2.3. Subsistence versus market production and the impact of cotton production on food security |
|
|
155 | (6) |
|
9.3. Non-agricultural production and income |
|
|
161 | (4) |
|
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
9.3.2. Other off-farm activities |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
|
165 | (3) |
|
9.5. Cash flow and liquidity |
|
|
168 | (3) |
|
9.6. Time trends in agricultural production |
|
|
171 | (4) |
|
9.7. Summary and conclusions |
|
|
175 | (4) |
|
10. Farm household decision-making |
|
|
179 | (38) |
|
10.1. Social factors influencing cotton supply response |
|
|
180 | (4) |
|
10.2. Farmers' opinion on the role of cotton |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
|
185 | (6) |
|
10.3.1. Farm household risks and risk reducing options |
|
|
186 | (2) |
|
10.3.2. Farmers' risk aversion |
|
|
188 | (3) |
|
10.4. Production goals: subsistence production versus food purchases |
|
|
191 | (4) |
|
10.5. Market orientation and price expectation |
|
|
195 | (5) |
|
10.6. Investment, savings and credit |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
10.7. The choice between on-farm and off-farm activities |
|
|
201 | (3) |
|
10.8. Intra-household aspects of income distribution |
|
|
204 | (9) |
|
10.8.1. Agricultural production |
|
|
204 | (4) |
|
10.8.2. Income and income use |
|
|
208 | (4) |
|
10.8.3. Decreasing efficiency of large production units |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
10.9. Summary and conclusions |
|
|
213 | (4) |
|
11. Modelling the effects of changing cotton prices in combination with non-price determinants of supply response |
|
|
217 | (68) |
|
|
|
219 | (2) |
|
11.2. The effect of innovations, credit and input supply on production, employment and income for agro-ecological zone 2 |
|
|
221 | (10) |
|
|
|
221 | (7) |
|
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
11.3. Comparison of price policy reactions across AE-zones |
|
|
231 | (4) |
|
11.3.1. Cotton production |
|
|
231 | (3) |
|
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
11.4. The influence of prices and selected structural factors on the profitability of cotton and the adoption of innovations |
|
|
235 | (13) |
|
11.4.1. Static comparison |
|
|
237 | (4) |
|
11.4.2. Introduction of animal traction |
|
|
241 | (3) |
|
11.4.3. Factors influencing the introduction of animal traction |
|
|
244 | (2) |
|
11.4.4. The effect of changing cotton fertiliser prices |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
11.4.5. The effect of reduced fertilisation rates on parameters of profitability |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
11.5. The impact of price stabilisation and farmers' risk aversion on cotton production and farmers income |
|
|
248 | (7) |
|
11.6. The impact of farm household structural factors and of market distance on supply response and income |
|
|
255 | (8) |
|
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
11.6.2. Consumer:producer ratio |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
11.6.3. Working capital endowment |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
|
258 | (5) |
|
11.7 Aggregation at a small region level to assess the interaction of supply response and labour markets |
|
|
263 | (8) |
|
11.8 The situation after the devaluation of the FCFA |
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
11.9 Assessment of the realism of the models |
|
|
273 | (4) |
|
11.10 Summary and conclusions |
|
|
277 | (8) |
|
12. Synopsis of findings and policy recommendations |
|
|
285 | (32) |
|
12.1 The strength of Benin's cotton policy is the integration of price and non-price factors in a vertically integrated structure |
|
|
286 | (3) |
|
12.2. Equity concerns in cotton policy: who profits from cotton production? |
|
|
289 | (3) |
|
12.3. Cotton production: a blessing for men and a burden for women? |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
12.4 Income and income use: more cotton, more cash, more investments, more development? |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
12.5 Employment and migration: due to or despite cotton production? |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
12.6 Cotton and food crops: a synergetic or an antagonistic relation? |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
12.7 Cotton: a threat for the environment and sustainable land use? |
|
|
298 | (3) |
|
12.8. What can policy decision makers learn from farm household analysis? |
|
|
301 | (12) |
|
12.8.1 The dismantling of the cotton sector: an option for private investment? |
|
|
302 | (7) |
|
12.8.2 The cotton model: is it transferable to other crops? |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
12.8.3 Implications of the study results for general development strategies in Borgou and Benin: more focus on the demand side |
|
|
310 | (3) |
|
12.9 Conclusions on the micro-economic approach for price policy analysis and further research needs |
|
|
313 | (4) |
|
|
|
317 | (16) |
|
|
|
317 | (5) |
|
|
|
322 | (5) |
|
13.3 Deutsche Zusammenfassung |
|
|
327 | (6) |
| Literature |
|
333 | |
