Building on the Past: A Guide to the

This comprehensive guide provides planners, developers, architects and archaeologists with an analysis of the conflicts between the archaeological development and planning processes. It takes a pragmatic approach to the effects of archaeology on development, enabling practitioners to reach practical solutions where archaeological considerations are taken into account in the development process.

Foreword

ix

Jocelyn Stevens

Acknowledgements

x

List of acronyms

xi

List of figures

xiii

List of tables

xv

Introduction

xvii

Part One Archaeological Considerations

The development of archaeological thinking

3

(8)

The meaning of archaeology

3

(1)

The quest for knowledge

3

(3)

Rescue archaeology

6

(2)

Strategies in the 1980s

8

(1)

A new strategy for archaeology

9

(2)

References

10

(1)

Further reading

10

(1)

Archaeological investigation

11

(28)

How archaeological sites are formed

11

(2)

Types of archaeological remains

13

(4)

How sites are discovered

17

(15)

Choosing an approach

32

(1)

The costs of investigation

32

(7)

References

38

(1)

Further reading

38

(1)

Archaeological excavation

39

(20)

Strategy for archaeological excavation

39

(3)

Planning an excavation

42

(6)

Techniques of excavation

48

(3)

The archaeological evidence

51

(4)

Post-excavation work

55

(4)

References

58

(1)

Further reading

58

(1)

Archaeological contracts

59

(24)

The need for archaeological advice

59

(2)

The nature and type of advice

61

(1)

Competitive tendering

62

(3)

Codes of practice

65

(9)

Contracts

74

(9)

References

80

(1)

Further reading

80

(3)

Part Two Public Controls

The framework of Control

83

(17)

The organization and role of central government

83

(5)

The organization and role of local government

88

(4)

Legislation affecting archaeology

92

(8)

References

99

(1)

Further reading

99

(1)

Policies for archaeology and development

100

(30)

Policy at the international level

100

(2)

Government policy

102

(9)

Policies of local planning authorities

111

(19)

References

128

(1)

Further reading

128

(2)

The protection of archaeological sites

130

(23)

The ancient monuments legislation

131

(13)

World heritage sites

144

(1)

Areas of archaeological importance

145

(3)

The protection of wrecks

148

(2)

Legislation concerning burial grounds

150

(3)

References

151

(1)

Further reading

152

(1)

The need for planning permission

153

(17)

The definition of development

153

(2)

Works and activities falling outside the definition of development

155

(1)

Development permitted by statute

156

(6)

Development requiring planning permission

162

(5)

Applications for conservation area consent

167

(1)

Applications for listed building consent

168

(1)

Development by local authorities on their own land

168

(2)

Reference

169

(1)

Further reading

169

(1)

Environmental assessment

170

(23)

The meaning of environmental assessment

170

(2)

What the regulations require

172

(2)

The need for environmental assessment

174

(6)

Challenging the need for environmental assessment

180

(1)

Preparation of an environmental statement

181

(7)

Submission and handling of a statement

188

(1)

The prospects of change

189

(4)

References

191

(1)

Further reading

192

(1)

The determination of development proposals

193

(30)

Matters to be taken into account

193

(3)

Weighting of the factors

196

(2)

Who makes the decision

198

(1)

Types of decision

199

(2)

The use of conditions

201

(6)

The use of informatives

207

(1)

The refusal of permission

208

(1)

Planning obligations

209

(8)

Challenging planning decisions

217

(6)

References

220

(1)

Further reading

220

(3)

Part Three Development Considerations

The property development process

223

(18)

The developer

224

(1)

Characteristics of property

225

(2)

The property market

227

(4)

The development cycle

231

(1)

The post-war cycle of development

232

(3)

Conclusions on the development cycle

235

(1)

The development process

236

(5)

References

240

(1)

Further reading

240

(1)

Managing the project

241

(25)

Defining project management

242

(1)

The developer's requirements

243

(1)

The role of the project manager

244

(1)

The procurement process

245

(6)

Choice of procurement route

251

(4)

Selection of contractor

255

(2)

The project team

257

(3)

Design and evaluation

260

(1)

Financial matters

261

(2)

Tendering

263

(1)

Managing the construction

263

(3)

References

265

(1)

Further reading

265

(1)

Design considerations

266

(26)

Site investigation

267

(4)

Types of foundation

271

(4)

Adapting the design to protect archaeological remains

275

(9)

Incorporating the remains into the design

284

(2)

Reconstructing the past

286

(6)

References

287

(5)

Construction contracts

292

(20)

Contractual risk

292

(4)

Choice of contract

296

(6)

Terms of a contract

302

(5)

Variations to a contract

307

(2)

Frustration of contract

309

(1)

Breach of contract

310

(2)

Further reading

311

(1)

Development finance

312

(27)

Development costs

312

(4)

Grant aid

316

(6)

Cost-planning

322

(3)

Finance for property development

325

(9)

Sources of finance for property development

334

(5)

References

337

(1)

Further reading

338

(1)

Financial appraisal

339

(22)

The residual method of valuation

340

(10)

The cash flow approach to appraisal

350

(7)

Archaeology in the context of other factors

357

(4)

Index

361

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Building on the Past: A Guide to the Archaeology and Development Process

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials