C Programming Language

The authors present the complete guide to ANSI standard C language programming. Written by the developers of C, this new version helps readers keep up with the finalized ANSI standard for C while showing how to take advantage of C's rich set of operators, economy of expression, improved control flow, and data structures. The 2/E has been completely rewritten with additional examples and problem sets to clarify the implementation of difficult language constructs. For years, C programmers have let K&R guide them to building well-structured and efficient programs. Now this same help is available to those working with ANSI compilers. Includes detailed coverage of the C language plus the official C language reference manual for at-a-glance help with syntax notation, declarations, ANSI changes, scope rules, and the list goes on and on.

Brian W. Kernighan works in the Computing Science Research Center at Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies. He is Consulting Editor for Addison-Wesley's Professional Computing Series and the author, with Dennis Ritchie, of The C Programming Language.

Dennis Ritchie was a computer scientist notable for his influence on ALTRAN, B, BCPL, C, Multics, and Unix.

Preface

ix

(2)

Preface to the First Edition

xi

Introduction

1

(4)

Chapter 1. A Tutorial Introduction

5

(30)

1.1 Getting Started

5

(3)

1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions

8

(5)

1.3 The For Statement

13

(1)

1.4 Symbolic Constants

14

(1)

1.5 Character Input and Output

15

(7)

1.6 Arrays

22

(2)

1.7 Functions

24

(3)

1.8 Arguments--Call by Value

27

(1)

1.9 Character Arrays

28

(3)

1.10 External Variables and Scope

31

(4)

Chapter 2. Types, Operators, and Expressions

35

(20)

2.1 Variable Names

35

(1)

2.2 Data Types and Sizes

36

(1)

2.3 Constants

37

(3)

2.4 Declarations

40

(1)

2.5 Arithmetic Operators

41

(1)

2.6 Relational and Logical Operators

41

(1)

2.7 Type Conversions

42

(4)

2.8 Increment and Decrement Operators

46

(2)

2.9 Bitwise Operators

48

(2)

2.10 Assignment Operators and Expressions

50

(1)

2.11 Conditional Expressions

51

(1)

2.12 Precedence and Order of Evaluation

52

(3)

Chapter 3. Control Flow

55

(12)

3.1 Statements and Blocks

55

(1)

3.2 If-Else

55

(2)

3.3 Else-If

57

(1)

3.4 Switch

58

(2)

3.5 Loops--While and For

60

(3)

3.6 Loops--Do-while

63

(1)

3.7 Break and Continue

64

(1)

3.8 Goto and Labels

65

(2)

Chapter 4. Functions and Program Structure

67

(26)

4.1 Basics of Functions

67

(4)

4.2 Functions Returning Non-integers

71

(2)

4.3 External Variables

73

(7)

4.4 Scope Rules

80

(1)

4.5 Header Files

81

(2)

4.6 Static Variables

83

(1)

4.7 Register Variables

83

(1)

4.8 Block Structure

84

(1)

4.9 Initialization

85

(1)

4.10 Recursion

86

(2)

4.11 The C Preprocessor

88

(5)

Chapter 5. Pointers and Arrays

93

(34)

5.1 Pointers and Addresses

93

(2)

5.2 Pointers and Function Arguments

95

(2)

5.3 Pointers and Arrays

97

(3)

5.4 Address Arithmetic

100

(4)

5.5 Character Pointers and Functions

104

(3)

5.6 Pointer Arrays; Pointers to Pointers

107

(3)

5.7 Multi-dimensional Arrays

110

(3)

5.8 Initialization of Pointer Arrays

113

(1)

5.9 Pointers vs. Multi-dimensional Arrays

113

(1)

5.10 Command-line Arguments

114

(4)

5.11 Pointers to Functions

118

(4)

5.12 Complicated Declarations

122

(5)

Chapter 6. Structures

127

(24)

6.1 Basics of Structures

127

(2)

6.2 Structures and Functions

129

(3)

6.3 Arrays of Structures

132

(4)

6.4 Pointers to Structures

136

(3)

6.5 Self-referential Structures

139

(4)

6.6 Table Lookup

143

(3)

6.7 Typedef

146

(1)

6.8 Unions

147

(2)

6.9 Bit-fields

149

(2)

Chapter 7. Input and Output

151

(18)

7.1 Standard Input and Output

151

(2)

7.2 Formatted Output--Printf

153

(2)

7.3 Variable-length Argument Lists

155

(2)

7.4 Formatted Input -- Scanf

157

(3)

7.5 File Access

160

(3)

7.6 Error Handling--Stderr and Exit

163

(1)

7.7 Line Input and Output

164

(2)

7.8 Miscellaneous Functions

166

(3)

Chapter 8. The UNIX System Interface

169

(22)

8.1 File Descriptors

169

(1)

8.2 Low Level I/O -- Read and Write

170

(2)

8.3 Open, Creat, Close, Unlink

172

(2)

8.4 Random Access -- Lseek

174

(1)

8.5 Example--An Implementation of Fopen and Getc

175

(4)

8.6 Example--Listing Directories

179

(6)

8.7 Example--A Storage Allocator

185

(6)

Appendix A. Reference Manual

191

(50)

A1 Introduction

191

(1)

A2 Lexical Conventions

191

(3)

A3 Syntax Notation

194

(1)

A4 Meaning of Identifiers

195

(2)

A5 Objects and Lvalues

197

(1)

A6 Conversions

197

(3)

A7 Expressions

200

(10)

A8 Declarations

210

(12)

A9 Statements

222

(3)

A10 External Declarations

225

(2)

A11 Scope and Linkage

227

(1)

A12 Preprocessing

228

(6)

A13 Grammar

234

(7)

Appendix B. Standard Library

241

(18)

B1 Input and Output: [stdio.h]

241

(7)

B2 Character Class Tests: [ctype.h]

248

(1)

B3 String Functions: [string.h]

249

(1)

B4 Mathematical Functions: [math.h]

250

(1)

B5 Utility Functions: [stdlib.h]

251

(2)

B6 Diagnostics: [assert.h]

253

(1)

B7 Variable Argument Lists: [stdarg.h]

254

(1)

B8 Non-local Jumps: [setjmp.h]

254

(1)

B9 Signals: [signal.h]

255

(1)

B10 Date and Time Functions: [time.h]

255

(2)

B11 Implementation-defined Limits: [limits.h] and [float.h]

257

(2)

Appendix C. Summary of Changes

259

(4)

Index

263

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C Programming Language

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials