Cases in Climate Change Policy

The European Union accounts for 15 per cent of global carbon monoxide emissions, which make up the bulk of the greenhouse gases. As the only supranational body with an environmental policy it could make an important contribution to emissions reduction. But so far it has failed to implement any significant measures. This volume of case studies examines the constraints and opportunities for the implementation of climate change policies.

Foreword

viii

Jim Skea

Preface and Acknowledgements

xi

Contributors

xiii

List of Figures

xiv

List of Tables

xv

Abbreviations and Acronyms

xvi

The Climate Change Challenge

1

(14)

Ute Collier

Ragnar E Lofstedt

Introduction

1

(2)

The Threat of Climate Change

3

(2)

Options for Emission Reductions

5

(1)

Developing Response Strategies

6

(2)

Emerging Policy Responses: The International Level

8

(2)

The EU Response

10

(1)

National and Local Strategies

11

(2)

The Following Chapters

13

(2)

The Energy Dimension

15

(15)

Ute Collier

Ragnar E Lofstedt

Introduction

15

(2)

The Role of CO2-Free Electricity Generating Sources

17

(2)

The Possible Contributions of New and Developing Renewable Energies

19

(3)

Energy Efficiency

22

(2)

Low CO2 Fossil Fuel Technologies

24

(1)

New Opportunities in a Liberalized Energy Market?

25

(1)

Conclusions: What Does the Future Hold?

26

(4)

Routes of Reducing Transport-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions

30

(13)

Jo Smith

Susan Owens

Introduction

30

(1)

The Evolution of Car Dependence

31

(1)

Sustainable Transport Strategies

32

(2)

Traditional Objectives of Land Use Planning

34

(1)

Land Use Planning as a Climate Change Policy Instrument

35

(3)

Conclusion: Planning for Access and Real Wealth

38

(5)

The EU and Climate Change Policy: The Struggle over Policy Competences

43

(22)

Ute Collier

Introduction

43

(1)

Emission Characteristics of the EU

44

(3)

Subsidiarity and the Lack of EU Competences in Energy Policy

47

(3)

Attempts at Defining a Common Climate Change Strategy

50

(8)

Reliance on National and Local Action

58

(3)

Conclusions: What Future Role for the EU?

61

(4)

Leadership and Unification: Climate Change Policies in Germany

65

(22)

Michael Huber

Introduction

65

(1)

The German Emission Profile

66

(3)

The Evolution of Climate Change Policy in Germany

69

(4)

Energy Measures

73

(1)

Reducing Emissions from Fossil Fuel Electricity Generation

74

(4)

The Transport Dimension

78

(2)

Local Authorities: the Real Policy Leaders?

80

(3)

Concluding Remarks

83

(4)

`Windfall' Emission Reductions in the UK

87

(21)

Ute Collier

Introduction

87

(1)

Emission Trends in Greenhouse Gases

88

(2)

The UK Climate Change Programme

90

(2)

Changes in Energy Related Emissions: Relying on the `Dash for Gas'

92

(8)

Developments in Transport Policy

100

(2)

Climate Change and Local Government

102

(2)

Conclusions

104

(4)

Italy: Implementation Gaps and Budget Deficits

108

(19)

Gianni Silvestrini

Ute Collier

Introduction

108

(1)

Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends

109

(3)

The Italian Climate Change Programme

112

(2)

Energy Measures: Reducing Fossil Fuel Dependency

114

(6)

Transport Sector Developments

120

(2)

Local Climate Change Policies

122

(2)

Conclusions

124

(3)

France: Relying on Past Reductions and Nuclear Power

127

(20)

Pierre-Noel Giraud

Ute Collier

Ragnar E. Lofstedt

Introduction

127

(1)

French Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Relying on Past Reductions

128

(3)

France's Climate Change Policy

131

(3)

Energy Measures

134

(6)

Transport Policies

140

(3)

Local and Regional Authority Initiatives

143

(2)

Conclusions

145

(2)

Spain: Fast Growth in CO2 Emissions

147

(18)

Xavier Labandeira Villot

Introduction

147

(1)

Spanish Greenhouse Gas Emissions

148

(3)

The National Programme for Climate Change

151

(2)

Energy Measures

153

(4)

Transport Policies

157

(1)

Regional and Local Authorities and the Private Sector

158

(3)

Conclusions: Assessment of Current Strategies and Feasibility of Further Action

161

(4)

Sweden: The Dilemma of a Proposed Nuclear Phase Out

165

(19)

Ragnar E Lofstedt

Introduction

165

(1)

Sweden's Greenhouse Gas Emissions

165

(3)

Policy Developments in the Area of Climate Change

168

(2)

Current Climate Policy--How to Reduce CO2 Emissions

170

(5)

Transport Issues

175

(3)

Actions Implemented at the Local Level

178

(1)

Concluding Comments

179

(5)

Comparative Analysis and Conclusions

184

(16)

Ute Collier

Ragnar E Lofstedt

Introduction

184

(1)

Comparing the National Programmes

185

(2)

The Influence of Emission Characteristics

187

(2)

Political Constraints

189

(6)

Opportunities at the Local Level

195

(2)

Conclusions

197

(3)

Index

200

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Cases in Climate Change Policy

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials