The Cerebral Cortex and Thalamus

For the first time, Drs. Usrey and Sherman, along with a who's who of luminaries in neuroscience research, seek to codify the roles that the cortex and thalamus and their interdependence on each other play for sensation, action, and cognition. The thalamus, in addition, has often been treated as a minor, rather insignificant player in cortical functioning. In the not too distant past, the thalamus was considered a rather boring, machine-like relay of subcortical information to the cortex. Over the past decade, there has been a groundswell of new and renewed interest in the thalamus and thalamocortical interactions, leading to discoveries demonstrating the thalamus's ongoing and essential role in cortical functioning and, likewise, the significance of the cortex for thalamic functioning.

The Cerebral Cortex and Thalamus is a groundbreaking volume bringing together a cohesive account of cortical and thalamic mechanisms for control of behavior with an emphasis on the importance of interactions between the two structures. The book elucidates the research that makes it increasingly clear that the cortex and thalamus are necessary partners for sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Interactions between thalamus and cortex are not only essential for proper brain function, they are also sensitive to a range of diseases that can have devastating consequences on individuals and society. An essential text for graduate students, early career investigators, and investigators looking to shift their research focus, The Cerebral Cortex and Thalamus is organized into topical sections covering circuit properties of thalamus and cortex, thalamocortical and corticothalamic motifs, sensory systems, motor systems, interareal cortical communication, cognitive properties, development and plasticity, evolution, computation, and disease.

W. Martin Usrey, Ph.D., is Professor and Chair of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior and Professor of Neurology at UC Davis. His research is focused on understanding the functional properties of neural circuits that serve vision and the relationship between circuit activity, behavior, and perception. He has authored over 70 publications and directed several international courses and conferences on sensory processing and thalamocortical relations. He is the recipient of numerous awards, including the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers. The Usrey laboratory is home to Brainmaps.org, an interactive, high-resolution digital brain atlas and virtual microscope for students, educators, and researchers. He is also editor of sensory systems for the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience.

S. Murray Sherman, Ph.D., is Maurice Goldblatt Professor and Chairman in the Department of Neurobiology at the University of Chicago. His books include Exploring the Thalamus, Exploring the Thalamus and its Role in Cortical Function, Functional Connections of Cortical Areas: A New View from the Thalamus, and Exploring Thalamocortical Interactions: Circuitry for Sensation, Action, and Cognition. Dr. Sherman is the author of more than 250 scientific papers, has served on the committees of several scientific organizations and on the editorial boards of multiple journals, and is Editor-in-Chief of the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. He has held visiting academic positions at universities in the UK and China. The main focus of Dr. Sherman's research is directed towards understanding thalamic functional organization through a variety of interdisciplinary techniques.

Contributors
Preface
Abbreviations

Section I: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview, W. Martin Usrey and S. Murray Sherman

Section II: Thalamic Cell and Circuit Properties
Section Introduction: Martha Bickford
Chapter 2: Thalamus and Prethalamus Cell Types and Their Interconnections, Martha Bickford
Chapter 3: Biophysical Properties of Thalamic Cell Types, Thomas Budde
Chapter 4: Heterogeneity of Thalamic Input Landscapes, László Acsády
Chapter 5: Synaptic Properties of Thalamic and Prethalamic Inputs, Carmen Varela

Section III: Cortical Cell and Circuit Properties
Section Introduction: Alex D. Reyes
Chapter 6: Anatomical and Physiological Basis for the Flow of Thalamocortical Inputs Across the Layers of the Primary Sensory Cortex, Marcel Oberlaender
Chapter 7: Biosphysical Properties of Cortical Excitatory Neurons, Lucy M. Palmer
Chapter 8: Functional Roles Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons, Hyeyoung Shin and Hillel Adesnik
Chapter 9: Transformation of Receptive Fields Across Laminae, Alex D. Reyes
Chapter 10: Neuromodulation in Cortical Circuits, Veronica C. Galvin and Anita A. Disney

Section IV: Pathways Between the Thalamus and the Cortex
Section Introduction: Francisco Clascá and Sonja Hofer
Chapter 11: Thalamic Output Pathways: Global Layout and Nucleus-Level Organization, Francisco Clascá
Chapter 12: Thalamic Output Pathways: Single-Cell Organization Level, Francisco Clascá
Chapter 13: Thalamortical Synapses, Anthony Holtmaat and Kok-Sin Lee
Chapter 14: Structure and Function of Corticothalamic Pathways of Layer 6 Neuron, Allison J. Murphy and Farran Briggs
Chapter 15: Corticothalamic Layer 5 Pathways and Synapses, Rebecca A. Mease and Alexander Groh
Chapter 16: The Thalamic Reticular Nucleus: Anatomo-Functional Mechanisms and Concept, Didier Pinault

Section V: Sensory Systems
Section Introduction: Andrew J. King and Judith A. Hirsch
Chapter 17: A Comparative Approach to Parallel Geniculocortical Pathways, Samuel G. Solomon
Chapter 18: Thalamic Contributions to Visual Cortical Receptive Fields, Ronan O'Shea, Mandi C. Severson, and Nicholar J. Priebe
Chapter 19: Corticogeniculate Feedback and Visual Processing, W. Martin Usrey
Chapter 20: Visual Processing in the Pulvinar, Angela Y. Fan and James A. Bourne
Chapter 21: Auditory Thalamic Nuclei, Cell Types, and Parallel Pathways, Daniel A. Llano
Chapter 22: Sensory Representations in the Auditory Cortex and Thalamus, Jennifer F. Linden
Chapter 23: The Role of the Thalamus for Human Auditory and Visual Speech Perception, Katharina von Kriegstein and Christa Müller- Axt
Chapter 24: Corticothalamic Interactions in the Auditory System, Victoria M. Bajo and Andrea J. King
Chapter 25: General Organization and Parallel Pathways in the Somatosensory System, Christina Mo
Chapter 26: Duplicated Thalamocortical Input: Lesson sof rhte Somatosensory System, Randy M. Bruno
Chapter 27: Layer 6 Corticothalamic Neurons in the Somatosensory System, Solange P. Brown
Chapter 28: The Vestibular Thalamus, Kathleen E. Cullen, Jérôme Carriot, and Maurice J.
Chacron
Chapter 29: Thalamocortical Contribution to Chemical Senses, Emmanuelle Courtiol, Arianna Maffei, and Alfredo Fontanini
Chapter 30: Thalamic Contributions to Multisensory Convergence and Processing, Annamaria Barczak, Monica N. O'Connell, and Charles E. Schroeder

Section VI: Motor Systems
Section Introduction: Adam W. Hantmann and Kevin P. Cross
Chapter 31: Thalamic Control of Motor Cortical Synchrony, Abdulraheem Nashef and Yifat Prut
Chapter 32: Intrinsic Properties of Neurons in Motor Thalamus and Connected Cortex, Francesco Cavarretta, Taylor Kahl, and Dieter Jaeger
Chapter 33: Connectivity of Motor Cortex, Motor Thalamus, and Striatum, Bryan M. Hooks
Chapter 34: Models of Thalamocortical Interactions in Motor Control, G. Sean Escola, Kaushik Lakshminarasimhan, and Laureline Logiaco
Chapter 35: Thalamocortical Contributions to Neural Dyanmics and Behavior, Jorge Jaramillo and Zengcai V. Guo
Chapter 36: Oculomotor Thalamus and Efference Copy, Marc A. Sommer

Section VII: Inter-areal Cortical Communication
Section Introduction: Alessandra Angelucci
Chapter 37: The Evolving Concept of Cortical Hierarchy, Julien Vezoli, Yujie Hou, and Henry Kennedy
Chapter 38: Feedforward and Feedback Connections: Functional Connectivity, Synaptic Physiology, and Function, Alessandra Angelucci and Leopoldo Petreanu
Chapter 39: Modular Architecture of Layer 1 as a Template for the Organization of the Mouse Distributed Hierarchical Visual Network, Andreas Burkhalter
Chapter 40: Mechanisms of Cortico-Cortical Communication, Adam Kohn
Chapter 41: Predictive Coding: Forward and Backward Connectivity, Stewart Shipp and Karl Friston
Chapter 42: Cortico-Cortical Communication Through the Thalamus: Trans-Thalamic Pathways, Mitra Javadzadeh and Sonja B. Hofer

Section VIII: Cognitive Properties
Section Introduction: Michael M. Halassa and Sabine Kastner
Chapter 43: Memory and the Human Anterior Thalamus, Catherine M. Sweeney-Reed and Robert T. Knight
Chapter 44: Memory and the Rodent Anterior Thalamus, Adrien Peyrache and Adrian J. Duszkiewicz
Chapter 45: Attention and Thalamocortical Interactions, Sabine Kastner and W. Martin Usrey
Chapter 46: The Mediodorsal Thalamus and Decision-Making, Michael M. Halassa and Yuri B. Saalmann
Chapter 47: Thalamic Contribution to Cortical Network Functions, Kai Hwang and James M. Shine
Chapter 48: Thalamic Bases of Goal-Directed Behaviors, Mathieu Wolff

Section IX: Development and Plasticity
Section Introduction: Chinfei Chen
Chapter 49: Mechanisms Underlying the Refinement of the Retinogeniculate Synapse, Chinfei Chen
Chapter 50: Postnatal Development of the Thalamocortical Circuit and Sensory-Driven Cortical Activity, Theofanis Karayannis
Chapter 51: Critical Period Plasticity and Development of Binocular Vision, Jianhua Cang and Adema Ribic
Chapter 52: Development and Plasticity of Feature Selectivity, Sophie V. Griswold and Stephen D. Van Hooser
Chapter 53: Development of Corticothalamic Projections, William Guido
Chapter 54: The Connections of the Prefrontal Cortex and Thalamus and Plasticity Within This Circuitry, Anna S. Mitchell
Chapter 55: Cross-Modal Plasticity of Cortical and Thalamic Circuits, Lukas Mesik and Hey-Kyoung Lee

Section X: Evolution
Section Introduction: Leah Krubitzer
Chapter 56: The Coevolution of the Neocortex and Dorsal Thalamus in Mammals, Andrew C. Halley and Leah Krubitzer
Chapter 57: Evolution of Frontal Cortex and Thalamus in Primates, Mary K.L. Baldwin and Steven P. Wise
Chapter 58: Evolution and Development of Thalamocortical Relationships, Zoltan Molnar, Sara Bandiera, and Gavin J. Clowry
Chapter 59: Evolution and Elaboration of the Thalamocortical Action Maps, Paul Cisek and Ayuno Nakahashi

Section XI: Computational Approaches to Thalamocortical Dynamics, Encoding, and Algorithms
Section Introduction: Eric Shea-Brown
Chapter 60: Connecting Neural Dynamics and Computation Across Spatial and Temporal Scales, Rebecca A. Mease, Eric Shea- Brown, and Adrienne L. Fairhall
Chapter 61: Modeling Thalamocortical Oscillations: Mechanisms and Impact, Ryan Golden and Maxim Bazhenov
Chapter 62: Control of Thalamocortical Signaling Through Spike Timing and Synchrony, Garrett B. Stanley
Chapter 63: How the LGN Forwards Retinal Information to the Cortex, Friedrich T. Sommer and Judith A. Hirsch
Chapter 64: Predictive Coding in Cortical and Corticothalamic Hierarchical Networks, Rajesh P. N. Rao, Linxing Preston Jiang, and Ares Fisher

Section XII: Disease and Pathophysiology
Section Introduction: Anna S. Mitchell
Chapter 65: Corticothalamic Network Abnormalities Underlying Absence Seizures, Nathalie Leresche and Vincenzo Crunelli
Chapter 66: Thalamic Dysconnectivity Across the Schizophrenia Illness Course and Psychosis Spectrum, Samantha V. Abram, Caleb M. Spiro, and Judith M. Ford
Chapter 67: Thalamus, Thalamocortical Networks, and Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease, John C. Dalrymple- Alford, Tim J. Anderson, and Tracy R. Melzer
Chapter 68: Thalamic Changes in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease, Gonzalo Forno and Michael Hornberger
Chapter 69: Contribution of Thalamocortical Loops to the Development, Persistence, and Complications of Alcohol Use Disorder, Anne Lise Pitel and Shailendra Segobin
Chapter 70: Frontotemporal Dementia, Martina Bocchetta
Chapter 71: Visuospatial and Motor Deficits Following Pulvinar Lesions, Melanie Wilke and Igor Kagan
Chapter 72: Concluding Thoughts, W. Martin Usrey and S. Murray Sherman

Index