Chaos Uncreated

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ISBN: 9783110179934 | 3110179938
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/30/2005

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This monograph presents a challenge to the view that the Hebrew Bible contains allusions to Yahweh's battle with chaos, showing how the term has been inappropriately applied in a range of contexts where far more diverse spheres of imagery should instead be recognised. Through the construction of a careful diachronic model (developed with particular reference to the Psalter), the author presents a persuasive case for reversing common assumptions about the development of Israelite religion, finding instead that the combat motif was absent in the earliest period, whilst the slaying of a dragon was attributed to Yahweh only in a distinctive monotheistic adaptation, which arose from around 587 B.C.

Abbreviations

Preface

xvii

I Introduction

(11)

II. The Theme of "Chaos" in the Psalter: The State of the Question

(26)

1. "Chaos"

(6)

2. Creation

(6)

3. Combat

(1)

4. Comparative Method

(3)

5. Summary

(2)

6. Mowinckel's "Cultic" Approach

(7)

III. Archaic Hebrew Poetry: Psalms 29, 68 and 114

(36)

1. The Date of Psalms 29, 68 and 114

(10)

i. The Date of Psalm 29

(3)

ii. The Date of Psalm 68

(4)

iii. The Date of Psalm 114

(1)

2. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalms 29, 68 and 114

(25)

i. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 29

(16)

The Meaning of the Phrase

(5)

ii. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 68

(7)

iii. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 114

(2)

3. Summary

(1)

IV Individual Laments, Royal Laments and Related Thanksgiving Psalms: Psalms 18, 32, 42-3, 69, 88, 124, and 144

(40)

1. Psalm 18: Yahweh's Deliverance of the Suppliant from the Waters of Sheol and from his Enemies

(8)

i. The Date of Psalm 18

(3)

ii. The Significance of the "Waters" Imagery of Psalm 18

(5)

2. Psalm 144: The Waters as Symbolic of the Psalmist's Enemies; Yahweh as Deliverer

(2)

3. Psalm 124: The Waters as Symbolic of Sheol and of the Psalmist's Enemies; Yahweh as Deliverer

(3)

4. Psalm 69: The Waters as Symbolic of Sheol; Yahweh as Deliverer

(5)

5. Psalm 42-3 and 88: The Waters as Symbolic of Sheol: Yahweh as the Agent of Woe

(14)

i. Psalm 42-3

(6)

ii. Psalm 88

100

(5)

iii. The Significance of the "Waters" Imagery of Psalms 42-3 and 88

105

(2)

6. Psalm 32: Freedom from the Waters attained through Prayer

107

(2)

7. A Note on Dating

109

(3)

8. Summary

112

(2)

V. Songs Relating to the Protection of Zion: Psalms 24, 93, 46 and 65

114

(28)

1. The Date of Psalms 24, 93, 46 and 65

117

(11)

i. The Date of Psalm 24

118

(4)

ii. The Date of Psalm 93

122

(2)

iii. The Date of Psalm 46

124

(2)

iv. The Date of Psalm 65

126

(2)

2. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalms 24, 93, 46 and 65

128

(12)

i. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 24

128

(2)

ii. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 93

130

(5)

iii. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 46

135

(3)

iv. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 65

138

(2)

3. Summary

140

(2)

VI. National Laments: Psalms 77, 74, 89 (with 87) and 44

142

(53)

1. Psalm 77

143

(9)

i. The Date of Psalm 77

143

(4)

ii. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 77

147

(5)

2 Psalm 74

152

(17)

i. The Date of Psalm 74

152

(4)

ii. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 74

156

(13)

3. Psalm 89

169

(20)

i. The Date of Psalm 89

169

(4)

ii. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 89

173

(16)

The Date of Psalm 87

174

(6)

The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 89 (resumed)

180

(9)

4. Psalm 44

189

(4)

i. The Date of Psalm 44

189

(1)

ii. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 44

190

(3)

5. Summary

193

(2)

VII. Songs of Universal Praise: Psalms 96, 98, 148 and 135

195

(19)

1. Psalms 96 and 98

195

(13)

i. The Date of Psalms 96 and 98

195

(4)

ii. The Relationship of Psalms 96 and 98 in Deutero-Isaiah

199

(3)

iii. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalms 96 and 98

202

(6)

2. Psalm 148

208

(4)

3. Psalm 135

212

(1)

4. Summary

213

(1)

VIII The Creation of "Chaos" in the Psalter? Psalms 24, 95, 146, 148, 136, 33 and 104

214

(29)

1. Psalm 24

216

(1)

2. Psalm 95

216

(3)

3. Psalm 146

219

(3)

4. Psalm 148

222

(1)

5. Psalm 136

223

(3)

i. The Date of Psalm 136

223

(2)

ii. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 136

225

(1)

6. Psalm 33

226

(4)

i. The Date of Psalm 33

226

(1)

ii. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 33

227

(3)

7. Psalm 104

230

(12)

i. The Date of Psalm 104

230

(3)

ii. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 104

233

(9)

8. Summary

242

(1)

IX. The Crossing of : Psalms 78, 106 and 136

243

(16)

1. The Date of Psalms 78, 106 and 136

245

(6)

2. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalms 78, 106 and 136

251

(7)

i. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 78

251

(2)

ii. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 106

253

(2)

iii. The Theme of "Chaos" in Psalm 136

255

(3)

3. Summary

258

(1)

X Theme of "Chaos" in the Psalter: Summary of Results

259

(6)

XI. The Theme of "Chaos" in the Wider Old Testament

265

(104)

1. The Dating of the "Chaos" References of Job and Isaiah 27, 30, 51

272

(1)

2. The Theme of "Chaos" in Job and Isaiah 27, 30, 51

273

(96)

i. Passages including an Allusion to the Waters: Job 38:8-11,9:8, 7:12

274

(15)

Job 38:8-11

274

(4)

Job 9:8

278

(3)

Job 7:12

281

(8)

Summary

289

(1)

ii. Passages Relating to Rahab: Isa. 30:7, 51:9-11, Job 26, 9:13

289

(30)

Isaiah 30:7c

289

(2)

Isaiah 51:9-11

291

(10)

Job 26

301

(12)

Job 9:13

313

(5)

Summary

318

(1)

iii. Passages Relating to Leviathan: Job 3, Isa. 27:1, Job 40-41

319

(50)

Job 3

319

(8)

Isaiah 27:1

327

(6)

Job 40-41

333

(33)

Summary

366

(3)

Conclusion

369

(31)

1. Reassessment of the Applicability of "Chaos" Language to the Hebrew Bible

369

(25)

1.1 Combat

369

(7)

1.2 Creation

376

(3)

1.3 "Chaos"

379

(15)

1.3.1 Aquatic Imagery

380

(7)

A. Literal Allusions

380

(1)

a) Red Sea Event

380

(1)

b) As the Base on which the Earth or Yahweh's Throne is Set

381

(1)

c) Creation

382

(1)

d) The Distress of Nature at the Divine Appearing

383

(1)

B. Metaphorical Allusions

384

(1)

a) Allusions to the Underworld and Related Ideas in Individual and Royal Laments and Thanksgiving Psalms

384

(1)

b) The Nations

384

(3)

1.3.2 References to Rahab, Leviathan or a

387

(7)

a) Rahab

389

(1)

b) Leviathan

390

(1)

1) Psalm 74

391

(1)

2) Isaiah 27

391

(1)

3) Job 3:8

392

(1)

4) Psalm 104:25, Job 40:25-41:26 (ET 41:1-34)

392

(1)

393

(1)

2. Diachronic Results and Implications

394

(6)

Bibliography

400

(51)

Index of Subjects

451

(12)

Index of Biblical, Ancient Near Eastern and Classical References

463

(36)

Index of Modern Authors

499

(4)

Index of Hebrew and Ugaritic Terms

503

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Chaos Uncreated

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials