Characterization of Metals and Alloys

, by Holloway, Paul H.; Vaidyanathan, P. N.; Brundle, C. Richard; Evans, Charles A., Jr.

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ISBN: 9781606500477 | 1606500473
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/1/2009

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Characterization of Metals and Alloys Provides an introduction to surface and interface analysis techniques for specialists and educated professional metallurgists or scientists. This book illustrates with case histories how characterization techniques can be used to determine important properties of metals and provides a systematic approach to the task of correlating structure and composition with properties (mechanical, chemical, and physical properties, and diffusion and phase transformations in metals). This is a useful reference book for practical engineers and scientists who want to learn what can be accomplished with modern analytical techniques, or who want troubleshooting advice on problems involving the structure/property relationships in metals and alloys. Book jacket.

Preface to the Reissue of the Materials Characterization Series	p. xii
Preface to Series	p. xiii
Preface to the Reissue of Characterization of Metals and Alloys	p. xiv
Preface	p. xv
Acronyms Glossary	p. xvi
Contributors	p. xviii
Introduction
Purpose and Organization of the Book	p. 1
Mechanical Properties and Interfacial Analysis
Introduction	p. 4
Grain Boundary Segregation	p. 6
Temper Embrittlement	p. 8
Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking	p. 12
Hydrogen Embrittlement	p. 17
Creep Embrittlement	p. 19
Future Directions	p. 20
Chemical Properties
Introduction	p. 24
Tools of the Trade-Unique Information Available	p. 25
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)	p. 25
Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)	p. 29
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)	p. 31
Rutherford Backscateering Spectroscopy (RBS), Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), and Ion Channeling	p. 32
Other Methods	p. 32
Gaseous Corrosion	p. 33
High Temperature Corrosion-Influence of Alloy Additions and Coatings	p. 34
Aqueous Corrosion	p. 38
Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking	p. 39
Pit Formation	p. 40
Surface Electronic Structure and Chemistry	p. 41
Surface Modification	p. 44
Summary	p. 45
Surface and thin Film Analysis of Diffusion in Metals
Introduction	p. 51
The Mathematics of Diffusion	p. 52
Effects of Non-Uniform Cross Sections	p. 53
Effects of Finite Thickness	p. 54
Analysis Techniques for Diffusion	p. 56
Case Studies of Diffusion	p. 60
Diffusion in Bulk Samples	p. 60
Diffusion in Thin Films	p. 64
Analysis of Surface Diffusion	p. 71
Summary	p. 71
Mineral Processing and Metal Reclamation
Introduction	p. 74
Techniques for Mineral Surface Characterization	p. 75
Direct Analysis of Solid Surface of Particles in a Fluid	p. 75
Surface Characterization of Mineral Particles Separated from the Processing Fluid	p. 78
Surface Bonding in Mineral-Fluid Systems	p. 82
Oxide Mineral Surfaces	p. 82
Sulfide Mineral Surfaces	p. 83
Complementary Composition Analyses of Rough and Polished Surfaces	p. 85
Summary	p. 88
Melting and Casting
Introduction	p. 92
Aluminum-Lithium Alloys	p. 94
Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys	p. 97
Rapidly Solidified Aluminum Alloy Powders	p. 100
Cast Aluminum Alloy Metal Matrix Composites	p. 102
Liquid Aluminum Alloys	p. 104
Summary	p. 105
Machining and Working of Metals
Introduction	p. 108
Physical and Chemical Characterization	p. 109
Physical Properties	p. 109
Chemical Properties	p. 110
Lubrication	p. 112
Surface Finish	p. 114
Metalworking Example	p. 119
Summary	p. 123
Characterization of the Cleaning of Surfaces of Metals and Metal Alloys
Introduction	p. 125
Characterization of Cleaning Procedures	p. 126
Mechanical Cleaning	p. 132
Chemical Cleaning	p. 133
Cleaning in a Vacuum Chamber	p. 136
Detection of Hydrogen and Miscellaneous Cleaning	p. 138
Specimen Handling and Interpretation of Data	p. 138
Summary	p. 140
Coatings and thin Films
Introduction	p. 144
Techniques for Creating Coatings and Thin Films	p. 145
Deposition Techniques	p. 146
Thick Film Coatings	p. 151
Ion Implantation	p. 152
Surface Segregation	p. 152
Thin Film Structures	p. 153
Techniques to Characterize Coatings and Thin Films	p. 153
Studies of Coatings on Metals	p. 155
Polymeric Coatings	p. 155
Tribological Coatings	p. 160
Passivating Coatings	p. 166
Optical and Thermal Coatings	p. 168
Electrodeposition	p. 170
Surface Modifications by Ion Implantation	p. 171
Biocoatings	p. 173
Studies of Thin Films on Metals	p. 173
Metal Thin Films	p. 174
Semiconductor Thin Films	p. 176
Oxide Thin Films	p. 177
Ceramic Thin Films	p. 179
Carbon-Based Thin Films	p. 180
Summary	p. 182
Failure Analysis
Introduction	p. 189
Collaboration with the Applications Engineering Team	p. 191
The Selection of Samples for Analysis	p. 192
The Handling and Shipping of Samples	p. 193
Providing Sample Background Information	p. 194
Failure Analysis Case Histories	p. 195
Metal/Metal Interface and Metal Surface Failures	p. 196
Metal/Inorganic Film Failures	p. 223
Metal/Polymer Interface Failures	p. 232
Summary	p. 240
Appendix: Technique Summaries
Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)	p. 247
Cathodoluminescence(CL)	p. 248
Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (Dynamic SIMS)	p. 249
Elastic Recoil Spectrometry (ERS)	p. 250
Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Transmission electron Microscope (EELS)	p. 251
Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis (EPMA)	p. 252
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS)	p. 253
Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS)	p. 254
Field Ion Microscopy (FIM)	p. 255
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)	p. 257
Glow-Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS)	p. 258
High-Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS)	p. 259
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)	p. 260
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)	p. 261
Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ISS)	p. 262
Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LIMS)	p. 263
Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED)	p. 264
Low-Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM)	p. 265
Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect (MOKE)	p. 267
Medium-Energy Ion Scattering with Channeling and Blocking (MEIS)	p. 268
Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)	p. 269
Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA)	p. 270
Optical Micro-Reflectometry (OMR) and Differential Reflectometry (DR)	p. 271
Optical Second Harmonic Generation (SHG)	p. 274
Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE)	p. 276
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS)	p. 277
Photoelectron Emission Microscopy (PEEM)	p. 278
Photoluminescence (PL)	p. 279
Reflected Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (REELS)	p. 280
Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED)	p. 281
Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS)	p. 282
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)	p. 283
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)	p. 284
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Scanning Force Microscopy (STM and SFM)	p. 285
Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	p. 286
Spark Source Mass Spectrometry (SSMS)	p. 287
Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometry (SNMS)	p. 288
Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (Static SIMS)	p. 289
Surface Analysis by Laser Ionization (SALI)	p. 290
Surface Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure and Near Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (SEXAFS/NEXAFS)	p. 291
Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD)	p. 292
Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (TXRF)	p. 295
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)	p. 296
Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS)	p. 297
Variable-Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (VASE)	p. 298
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)	p. 299
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)	p. 300
X-Ray Photoelectron and Auger Electron Diffraction (XPD and AED)	p. 301
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)	p. 302
Index	p. 303
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Characterization of Metals and Alloys

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